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今天小編給大家分享一下HTTPie如何使用的相關知識點,內容詳細,邏輯清晰,相信大部分人都還太了解這方面的知識,所以分享這篇文章給大家參考一下,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后有所收獲,下面我們一起來了解一下吧。
HTTPie 是一個 HTTP 的命令行客戶端,目標是讓 CLI 和 web 服務之間的交互盡可能的人性化。這個工具提供了簡潔的 http 命令,允許通過自然的語法發送任意 HTTP 請求數據,展示色彩化的輸出。HTTPie 可用于與 HTTP 服務器做測試、調試和常規交互。
你可能聽說過古老的 Wget 或稍微新一些的 cURL 工具,它們允許你從命令行訪問 Web。它們是為訪問網站而編寫的,而 HTTPie 則用于訪問 Web API。
網站請求發生在計算機和正在閱讀并響應它所看到的內容的最終用戶之間,這并不太依賴于結構化的響應。但是,API 請求會在兩臺計算機之間進行結構化調用,人并不是該流程內的一部分,像 HTTPie 這樣的命令行工具的參數可以有效地處理這個問題。
有幾種方法可以安裝 HTTPie。你可以通過包管理器安裝,無論你使用的是 brew、apt、yum 還是 dnf。但是,如果你已配置 virtualenvwrapper,那么你可以用自己的方式安裝:
$ mkvirtualenv httpie ... (httpie) $ pip install httpie ... (httpie) $ deactivate $ alias http=~/.virtualenvs/httpie/bin/http $ http -b GET https://httpbin.org/get { "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2" }, "origin": "104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210", "url": "https://httpbin.org/get"}
通過將 http 別名指向為虛擬環境中的命令,即使虛擬環境在非活動狀態,你也可以運行它。你可以將 alias 命令放在 .bash_profile 或 .bashrc 中,這樣你就可以使用以下命令升級 HTTPie:
$ ~/.virtualenvs/httpie/bin/pip install -U pip
HTTPie 可以簡化查詢和測試 API。上面使用了一個選項,-b(即 –body)。沒有它,HTTPie 將默認打印整個響應,包括響應頭:
$ http GET https://httpbin.org/get HTTP/1.1 200 OK Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: * Connection: keep-alive Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 177 Content-Type: application/json Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:19:47 GMT Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade Server: nginx X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Frame-Options: DENY X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block { "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2" }, "origin": "104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210", "url": "https://httpbin.org/get"}
這在調試 API 服務時非常重要,因為大量信息在響應頭中發送。例如,查看發送的 cookie 通常很重要。httpbin.org 提供了通過 URL 路徑設置 cookie(用于測試目的)的方式。以下設置一個標題為 opensource, 值為 awesome 的 cookie:
$ http GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: * Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 223 Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:22:39 GMT Location: /cookies Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade Server: nginx Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/ X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Frame-Options: DENY X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">Redirecting...Redirecting...You should be redirected automatically to target URL: "/cookies">/cookies. If not click the link.
注意 Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/ 的響應頭。這表明你預期設置的 cookie 已正確設置,路徑為 /。另請注意,即使你得到了 302 重定向,http 也不會遵循它。如果你想要遵循重定向,則需要明確使用 –follow 標志請求:
$ http --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome HTTP/1.1 200 OK Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: * Connection: keep-alive Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Length: 66 Content-Type: application/json Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:33:34 GMT Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade Server: nginx X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Frame-Options: DENY X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block { "cookies": { "opensource": "awesome" } }
但此時你無法看到原來的 Set-Cookie 頭。為了看到中間響應,你需要使用 –all:
$ http --headers --all --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: * Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:38:40 GMT Location: /cookies Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade Server: nginx Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/ X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Frame-Options: DENY X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block Content-Length: 223 Connection: keep-alive HTTP/1.1 200 OK Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: * Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Type: application/json Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:38:41 GMT Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade Server: nginx X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Frame-Options: DENY X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block Content-Length: 66 Connection: keep-alive
打印響應體并不有趣,因為你大多數時候只關心 cookie。如果你想看到中間請求的響應頭,而不是最終請求中的響應體,你可以使用:
$ http --print hb --history-print h --all --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: * Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:40:56 GMT Location: /cookies Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade Server: nginx Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/ X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Frame-Options: DENY X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block Content-Length: 223 Connection: keep-alive HTTP/1.1 200 OK Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: * Content-Encoding: gzip Content-Type: application/json Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:40:56 GMT Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade Server: nginx X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Frame-Options: DENY X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block Content-Length: 66 Connection: keep-alive { "cookies": { "opensource": "awesome" } }
你可以使用 –print 精確控制打印的內容(h:響應頭;b:響應體),并使用 –history-print 覆蓋中間請求的打印內容設置。
有時響應體并不是文本形式,它需要發送到可被不同應用打開的文件:
$ http GET https://httpbin.org/image/jpeg HTTP/1.1 200 OK Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: * Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 35588 Content-Type: image/jpeg Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:25:49 GMT Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade Server: nginx X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Frame-Options: DENY X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block +-----------------------------------------+ | NOTE: binary data not shown in terminal | +-----------------------------------------+
要得到正確的圖片,你需要保存到文件:
$ http --download GET https://httpbin.org/image/jpegHTTP/1.1 200 OKAccess-Control-Allow-Credentials: trueAccess-Control-Allow-Origin: *Connection: keep-aliveContent-Length: 35588Content-Type: image/jpegDate: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:28:13 GMTReferrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgradeServer: nginxX-Content-Type-Options: nosniffX-Frame-Options: DENYX-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=blockDownloading 34.75 kB to "jpeg.jpe"Done. 34.75 kB in 0.00068s (50.05 MB/s)
試一下!圖片很可愛。
你可以發送指定的請求頭。這對于需要非標準頭的自定義 Web API 很有用:
$ http GET https://httpbin.org/headers X-Open-Source-Com:Awesome{ "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2", "X-Open-Source-Com": "Awesome" }}
最后,如果要發送 JSON 字段(盡管可以指定確切的內容),對于許多嵌套較少的輸入,你可以使用快捷方式:
$ http --body PUT https://httpbin.org/anything open-source=awesome author=moshez { "args": {}, "data": "{\"open-source\": \"awesome\", \"author\": \"moshez\"}", "files": {}, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "application/json, */*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "46", "Content-Type": "application/json", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2" }, "json": { "author": "moshez", "open-source": "awesome" }, "method": "PUT", "origin": "73.162.254.113, 73.162.254.113", "url": "https://httpbin.org/anything"}
下次在調試 Web API 時,無論是你自己的還是別人的,記得放下 cURL,試試 HTTPie 這個命令行工具。
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