UNIX/Linux 系統管理技術手冊閱讀（八）

2016.8.24 9:37-10:20

1.10.2 Package-specific documentation

Most of the important software packages in the UNIX and Linux world are maintained by individuals or by third parties such as the Internet Systems Consortium and the Apache Software Foundation. These groups write their own documentation. The quality runs the gamut from embarrassing to spectacular, but jewels such as Version Control with Subversion from svnbook.red-bean.com make the hunt worthwhile.

1.10.2 針對軟件包的專門文檔

  UNIX和Linux世界里重要的軟件包大多數是由個人或者第三方來維護的，比如Internet軟件聯盟（Internet Systems Consortium）和Apache軟件基金會（Apache Software Foundation）。這些組織一般為它們所布的包編寫文檔。文檔質量則從令人尷尬到吧為觀止都有，但因為有了svnbook.red-bean.com的“Version Control with Subversion”這樣的珍品存在，所以還是值得花時間去找的。

UNIX vendors and Linux distributors always include the appropriate man pages in their packages. Unfortunately, they tend to skimp on other documentation, mostly because there really isn’t a standard place to put it (check /usr/share/doc). It’s often useful to check the original source of the software to see if additional materials are available.

  UNIX廠商和Linux發行商總會在其軟件里帶上man手冊頁。遺憾的是，他們對其他文檔則顯得不夠用心，這大多因為確實沒有一個標準位置保存文檔（查看/usr/share/doc）。查看軟件的原出處，看看有沒有更多的材料，常常比較有用。

Supplemental documents include white papers (technical reports), design rationales, and book- or pamphlet-length treatments of particular topics. These supplemental materials are not limited to describing just one command, so they can adopt a tutorial or procedural approach. Many pieces of software have both a man page and an article. For example, the man page for vi tells you about the command-line arguments that vi understands, but you have to go to the in-depth treatment to learn how to actually edit a file.

  補充材料包括白皮書（技術報告）、設計規范和針對專題的書或者小冊子。這些補充材料不僅限于介紹一條命令，所以它們可以采用教程或者規程的形式。許多軟件既有man手冊，也有介紹文章。例如，vi的手冊只告訴用戶有關vi能夠支持的命令行參數，而用戶要深入學習才能掌握如何真正編輯一個文件。

Books

The best resources for system administrators in the printed realm (aside from this book :-)) are the O’Reilly series of books. The series began with UNIX in a Nutshell over 20 years ago and now includes a separate volume on just about every important UNIX and Linux subsystem and command. The series also includes books on the Internet, Windows, and other non-UNIX topics. All the books are reasonably priced, timely, and focused.

1.10.3 書籍

  在打印材料中，給系統管理員最好的資料來源就是O’Reilly的系列圖書（除了本書之外）。這個系列從20年前的“UNIX in a Nutshell(UNIX簡明教程)”開始，到如今針對每個UNIX和Linux子系統和命令都已經有一本獨立成冊的書。這個系列的圖書也包括介紹Internet、Windows和其他UNIX之外的專題。所有這些書都定價合理、內容及時而且針對性強。

Tim O’Reilly has become quite interested in the open source movement and runs a conference, OSCON, on this topic as well as conferences on other trendy techie topics. OSCON occurs twice yearly, once in the United States and once in Europe. See oreilly.com for more information.

  Tim O’Reilly已經開始表現出對開源運動具有很大興趣，他為開源舉辦了一個名為OSCON的大會，而且也為其他流行的技術主題舉辦大會。OSCON每年舉辦兩次，一次在美國，另一次在歐洲。參考oreilly.com了解更多情況。

2016.8.26 17:10-17:40

RFCs and other Internet documents

The Request for Comments document series describes the protocols and procedures used on the Internet. Most of these documents are relatively detailed and technical, but some are written as overviews. They are absolutely authoritative, and many are quite useful for system administrators. See page 449 for a more complete description of these documents.

1.10.4 RFC和其他Internet文檔

  RFC的系列文檔描述了Internet上使用的協議和規程。這些文檔大多相當詳盡而且技術性強，但是有些RFC只是作為概述來寫。它們都絕對有權威性，許多RFC對系統管理員相當有用。參考449頁了解這些文檔的更完整說明。

The Linux Documentation Project

Linux systems have another major source of reference information: the Linux Documentation Project at tldp.org. This site hosts a huge array of user-contributed documentation ranging from FAQs to full-length guides. The LDP also centralizes efforts to translate Linux-related documents into additional languages.

  1.10.5 LDP

  Linux系統還有另一種主要的參考資源：Linux建檔項目，地址在tldp.org。這個網站保存了大量用戶貢獻的文檔，內容從FAQ到完整篇幅的指南不一而足。LDP還集中力量把與Linux相關的文檔都翻成其他語言。

Unfortunately, many of the LDP documents are not well maintained. Since Linuxyears are a lot like dog-years in their relation to real time, untended documents are apt to go out of date quickly. Always check the time stamp on a HOWTO or guide and weigh its credibility accordingly.

  遺憾的是，許多LDP文檔現在并沒有得到很好維護。因為Linux的時間概念相對于真實的時間來說要短得多，沒人管的文檔容易很快過時。一定要查看HOWTO或者指南上的時間戳，并據此估計它的可信度。

1.11 OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The sources discussed in the previous section are generally the most reliable, but they’re hardly the last word in UNIX and Linux documentation. Countless blogs, discussion forums, and news feeds are available on the Internet.

1.11 其他的信息資源

  前面幾小節討論的資源一般都最可靠，但它們極少成為UNIX和Linux世界里僅有的文檔。Internet充滿了不計其數的博客、論壇以及新種子。

It should go without saying, but Google is a system administrator’s best friend. Unless you’re looking up the details of a specific command or file format, Google should be the first resource you consult for any sysadmin question. Make it a habit; if nothing else, you’ll avoid the delay and humiliation of having your questions in an on-line forum answered with a link to Google When stuck, Google.

  但是，毋庸置疑，谷歌是系統管理員的最好朋友。除非正在查的是一條特殊命令或者文件格式的細節，否則谷歌應該是咨詢任何系統管理問題的首選資源。如果還沒有的話，就養成查谷歌的習慣，這樣就可以避免在線論壇上提問題，卻被人報以一個到谷歌的鏈接做回答，結果又耽誤時間又丟面子的情況發生。萬事不決問谷歌吧。

We can’t enumerate every useful collection of UNIX and Linux information on the Internet, but a few of the most significant ones are shown in Table 1.5.

  我們無法一一列舉Internet上的每種UNIX和Linux信息源，但是表1.5里給出了其中最重要的一些。

Another fun and useful resource is Bruce Hamilton’s “Rosetta Stone” page at bhami.com/rosetta.html. It contains pointers to the commands and tools used for various system administration tasks on many different operating systems.

  另一個既有意思又有用的資源是Bruce Hamilton在bhami.com/rosetta.html上提供的“Rosetta Stone(羅塞塔石碑)”。其中包含了很多鏈接，指向在許多不同的操作系統上執行各種系統管理任務所用到的命令和工具。

If you’re a Linux site, don’t be shy about accessing general UNIX resources. Most

information is directly applicable to Linux.

  如果是Linux站點，不要羞于訪問普通的UNIX資源。大多數信息都能直接用于Linux。