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本篇文章給大家分享的是有關深入淺析MySQL數據庫中的聚合函數與分組查詢,小編覺得挺實用的,因此分享給大家學習,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后可以有所收獲,話不多說,跟著小編一起來看看吧。
概述
相信我們經常會遇到這樣的場景:想要了解雙十一天貓購買化妝品的人員中平均消費額度是多少(這可能有利于對商品價格區間的定位);或者不同年齡段的化妝品消費占比是多少(這可能有助于對商品備貨量的預估)。
這個時候就要用到分組查詢,分組查詢的目的是為了把數據分成多個邏輯組(購買化妝品的人員是一個組,不同年齡段購買化妝品的人員也是組),并對每個組進行聚合計算的過程:。
分組查詢的語法格式如下:
select cname, group_fun,... from tname [where condition] group by group_expression [having group_condition];
說明一下:
1、group_fun 代表聚合函數,是指對分組的數據進行聚合計算的函數。
2、group_expression 代表分組表達式,允許多個,多個之間使用逗號隔開。
3、group_condition 分組之后,再對分組后的數據進行條件過濾的過程。
4、分組語法中,select后面出現的字段 要么是group by后面的字段,要么是聚合函數的列,其他類型會報異常,我們下面的內容中會詳細說明。
說分組之前,先來看看聚合函數,聚合函數是分組查詢語法格式中重要的一部分。我們經常需要匯總數據而不用把它們實際檢索出來,所以MySQL提供了專門的函數。使用這些函數,可用于計算我們需要的數據,以便分析和生成報表。
聚合函數
聚合函數有以下幾種。
函數 | 說明 |
AVG() | 返回指定字段的平均值 |
COUNT() | 返回查詢結果行數 |
MAX() | 返回指定字段的最大值 |
MIN() | 返回指定字段的最小值 |
SUM() | 返回指定字段的求和值 |
AVG()函數
AVG()通過對表中行數計數并計算特定列值之和,求得該列的平均值。 AVG()可用來返回所有列的平均值,也可以用來返回特定列或行的平均值。
下面示例返回用戶表中用戶的平均年齡:
mysql> select * from user2; +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | id | name | age | address | sex | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 8 rows in set mysql> select avg(age) from user2; +----------+ | avg(age) | +----------+ | 23.8571 | +----------+ 1 row in set
注意點:
1、AVG()只能用來確定特定數值列的平均值 。
2、AVG()函數忽略列值為NULL的行,所以上圖中age值累加之后是除以7,而不是除以8。
COUNT()函數
COUNT()函數進行計數。 可以用COUNT()確定表中符合條件的行的數目。
count 有 count(*)、count(具體字段)、count(常量) 三種方式來體現 下面 演示了count(*) 和 count(cname)的用法。
mysql> select * from user2; +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | id | name | age | address | sex | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 8 rows in set mysql> select count(*) from user2 where sex=0; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 5 | +----------+ 1 row in set mysql> select count(age) from user2 where sex=0; +------------+ | count(age) | +------------+ | 4 | +------------+ 1 row in set
可以看到,都是取出女生的用戶數量,count(*) 比 count(age) 多一個,那是因為age中包含null值。
所以:如果指定列名,則指定列的值為空的行被COUNT()函數忽略,但如果COUNT()函數中用的是星號( *),則不忽略。
MAX()和MIN()函數
MAX()返回指定列中的最大值,MIN()返回指定列中的最小值。
mysql> select * from user2; +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | id | name | age | address | sex | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 8 rows in set mysql> select max(age),min(age) from user2; +----------+----------+ | max(age) | min(age) | +----------+----------+ | 33 | 20 | +----------+----------+ 1 row in set
注意:同樣的,MAX()、MIN()函數忽略列值為NULL的行。
SUM函數
SUM()用來返回指定列值的和(總計) ,下面返回了所有年齡的總和,同樣的,忽略了null的值
mysql> select * from user2; +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | id | name | age | address | sex | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 8 rows in set mysql> select sum(age) from user2; +----------+ | sum(age) | +----------+ | 167 | +----------+ 1 row in set
分組查詢
數據準備,假設我們有一個訂貨單表如下(記載用戶的訂單金額和下單時間):
mysql> select * from t_order; +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ | orderid | uid | uname | amount | time | year | +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ | 20 | 1 | brand | 91.23 | 2018-08-20 17:22:21 | 2018 | | 21 | 1 | brand | 87.54 | 2019-07-16 09:21:30 | 2019 | | 22 | 1 | brand | 166.88 | 2019-04-04 12:23:55 | 2019 | | 23 | 2 | helyn | 93.73 | 2019-09-15 10:11:11 | 2019 | | 24 | 2 | helyn | 102.32 | 2019-01-08 17:33:25 | 2019 | | 25 | 2 | helyn | 106.06 | 2019-12-24 12:25:25 | 2019 | | 26 | 2 | helyn | 73.42 | 2020-04-03 17:16:23 | 2020 | | 27 | 3 | sol | 55.55 | 2019-08-05 19:16:23 | 2019 | | 28 | 3 | sol | 69.96 | 2020-09-16 19:23:16 | 2020 | | 29 | 4 | weng | 199.99 | 2020-06-08 19:55:06 | 2020 | +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ 10 rows in set
單字段分組
即對于某個字段進行分組,比如針對用戶進行分組,輸出他們的用戶Id,訂單數量和總額:
mysql> select uid,count(uid),sum(amount) from t_order group by uid; +-----+------------+-------------+ | uid | count(uid) | sum(amount) | +-----+------------+-------------+ | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | +-----+------------+-------------+ 4 rows in set
多字段分組
即對于多個字段進行分組,比如針對用戶進行分組,再對他們不同年份的訂單數據進行分組,輸出訂單數量和消費總額:
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order group by uid,year; +-----+------+-------------+------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | year | +-----+------+-------------+------+ | 1 | 1 | 91.23 | 2018 | | 1 | 2 | 254.42 | 2019 | | 2 | 3 | 302.11 | 2019 | | 2 | 1 | 73.42 | 2020 | | 3 | 1 | 55.55 | 2019 | | 3 | 1 | 69.96 | 2020 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 2020 | +-----+------+-------------+------+ 7 rows in set
分組前的條件過濾:where
這個很簡單,就是再分組(group by)之前通過where關鍵字進行條件過濾,取出我們需要的數據,假設我們只要列出2019年8月之后的數據,源數據只有6條合格的,有兩條年份一樣被分組的:
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year; +-----+------+-------------+------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | year | +-----+------+-------------+------+ | 2 | 2 | 199.79 | 2019 | | 2 | 1 | 73.42 | 2020 | | 3 | 1 | 55.55 | 2019 | | 3 | 1 | 69.96 | 2020 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 2020 | +-----+------+-------------+------+ 5 rows in set
分組后的條件過濾:having
有時候我們需要再分組之后再對數據進行過濾,這時候就需要使用having關鍵字進行數據過濾,再上述條件下,我們需要取出消費次數超過一次的數據:
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year having nums>1; +-----+------+-------------+------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | year | +-----+------+-------------+------+ | 2 | 2 | 199.79 | 2019 | +-----+------+-------------+------+ 1 row in set
這邊需要注意區分where和having:
where是在分組(聚合)前對記錄進行篩選,而having是在分組結束后的結果里篩選,最后返回過濾后的結果。
可以把having理解為兩級查詢,即含having的查詢操作先獲得不含having子句時的sql查詢結果表,然后在這個結果表上使用having條件篩選出符合的記錄,最后返回這些記錄,因此,having后是可以跟聚合函數的,并且這個聚集函數不必與select后面的聚集函數相同。
分組后的排序處理
order條件接在group by后面,也就是統計出每個用戶的消費總額和消費次數后,對用戶的消費總額進行降序排序的過程。
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid; +-----+------+-------------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | +-----+------+-------------+ | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | +-----+------+-------------+ 4 rows in set mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc; +-----+------+-------------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | +-----+------+-------------+ | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | +-----+------+-------------+ 4 rows in set
分組后的limit 限制
limit限制關鍵字一般放在語句的最末尾,比如基于我們上面的搜索,我們再limit 1,只取出消費額最高的那條,其他跳過。
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc limit 1; +-----+------+-------------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | +-----+------+-------------+ | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | +-----+------+-------------+ 1 row in set
關鍵字的執行順序
我們看到上面那我們用了 where、group by、having、order by、limit這些關鍵字,如果一起使用,他們是有先后順序,順序錯了會導致異常,語法格式如下:
select cname from tname where [原表查詢條件] group by [分組表達式] having [分組過濾條件] order by [排序條件] limit [offset,] count;
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid having totalamount>100 order by totalamount desc limit 1; +-----+------+-------------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | +-----+------+-------------+ | 2 | 3 | 273.21 | +-----+------+-------------+ 1 row in set
總結
1、分組語法中,select后面出現的字段 要么是group by后面的字段,要么是聚合函數的列,其他類型會報異常:可以自己試試。
2、分組關鍵字的執行順序:where、group by、having、order by、limit,順序不能調換,否則會報異常:可以自己試試。
以上就是深入淺析MySQL數據庫中的聚合函數與分組查詢,小編相信有部分知識點可能是我們日常工作會見到或用到的。希望你能通過這篇文章學到更多知識。更多詳情敬請關注億速云行業資訊頻道。
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