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這篇文章主要介紹“HashMap的底層實現原理”,在日常操作中,相信很多人在HashMap的底層實現原理問題上存在疑惑,小編查閱了各式資料,整理出簡單好用的操作方法,希望對大家解答”HashMap的底層實現原理”的疑惑有所幫助!接下來,請跟著小編一起來學習吧!
/** * Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for * TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.) */ /** Node是hash基礎的節點,是單向鏈表,實現了Map.Entry接口 */static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> { final int hash; final K key; V value; Node<K,V> next; //構造函數 Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) { this.hash = hash; this.key = key; this.value = value; this.next = next; } public final K getKey() { return key; } public final V getValue() { return value; } public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; } public final int hashCode() { return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value); } public final V setValue(V newValue) { V oldValue = value; value = newValue; return oldValue; } public final boolean equals(Object o) { if (o == this) return true; if (o instanceof Map.Entry) { Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o; if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) && Objects.equals(value, e.getValue())) return true; } return false; }}復制代碼
TreeNode 是紅黑樹的數據結構。
/** * Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn * extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or * linked node. */ static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> { TreeNode<K,V> parent; // red-black tree links TreeNode<K,V> left; TreeNode<K,V> right; TreeNode<K,V> prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletion boolean red; TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) { super(hash, key, val, next); } /** * Returns root of tree containing this node. */ final TreeNode<K,V> root() { for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) { if ((p = r.parent) == null) return r; r = p; } }復制代碼
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V> implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {復制代碼
繼承了抽象的map,實現了Map接口,并且進行了序列化。
在類里還有基礎的變量
/** * The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two. * 默認初始容量 16 - 必須是2的冪 */static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16/** * The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified * by either of the constructors with arguments. * MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30. * 最大容量 2的30次方 */static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;/** * The load factor used when none specified in constructor. * 默認加載因子,用來計算threshold */ static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;/** * The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a * bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a * bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater * than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in * tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon * shrinkage. * 鏈表轉成樹的閾值,當桶中鏈表長度大于8時轉成樹 * threshold = capacity * loadFactor */static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;/** * The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a * resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at * most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal. * 進行resize操作時,若桶中數量少于6則從樹轉成鏈表 */static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;/** * The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified. * (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.) * Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts * between resizing and treeification thresholds. * 桶中結構轉化為紅黑樹對應的table的最小大小 * 當需要將解決 hash 沖突的鏈表轉變為紅黑樹時, * 需要判斷下此時數組容量, * 若是由于數組容量太小(小于 MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY ) * 導致的 hash 沖突太多,則不進行鏈表轉變為紅黑樹操作, * 轉為利用 resize() 函數對 hashMap 擴容 */static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;/** * The table, initialized on first use, and resized as * necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two. * (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow * bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.) * 保存Node<K,V>節點的數組 * 該表在首次使用時初始化,并根據需要調整大小。 分配時, * 長度始終是2的冪。 */transient Node<K,V>[] table;/** * Holds cached entrySet(). Note that AbstractMap fields are used * for keySet() and values(). * 存放具體元素的集 */transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;/** * The number of key-value mappings contained in this map. * 記錄 hashMap 當前存儲的元素的數量 */transient int size;/** * The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified * Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in * the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g., * rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of * the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException). * 每次更改map結構的計數器 */transient int modCount;/** * The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor). * 臨界值 當實際大小(容量*填充因子)超過臨界值時,會進行擴容 * @serial */// (The javadoc description is true upon serialization.// Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this// field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying// DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.)int threshold;/** * The load factor for the hash table. * 負載因子:要調整大小的下一個大小值(容量*加載因子)。 * @serial */final float loadFactor;復制代碼
我們再看看構造方法
/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial * capacity and the default load factor (0.75). * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative. * 傳入初始容量大小,使用默認負載因子值 來初始化HashMap對象 */public HashMap(int initialCapacity) { this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);}/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity * (16) and the default load factor (0.75). * 默認容量和負載因子 */public HashMap() { this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted}/** * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial * capacity and load factor. * * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity * @param loadFactor the load factor * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative * or the load factor is nonpositive * 傳入初始容量大小和負載因子 來初始化HashMap對象 */public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) { // 初始容量不能小于0,否則報錯 if (initialCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " + initialCapacity); // 初始容量不能大于最大值,否則為最大值 if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY; //負載因子不能小于或等于0,不能為非數字 if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor); // 初始化負載因子 this.loadFactor = loadFactor; // 初始化threshold大小 this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);}/** * Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity. * 找到大于或等于 cap 的最小2的整數次冪的數 */static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) { int n = cap - 1; n |= n >>> 1; n |= n >>> 2; n |= n >>> 4; n |= n >>> 8; n |= n >>> 16; return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;}復制代碼
在這源碼中,loadFactor負載因子是一個非常重要的參數,因為他能夠反映HashMap桶數組的使用情況, 這樣的話,HashMap的時間復雜度就會出現不同的改變。
當這個負載因子屬于低負載因子的時候,HashMap所能夠容納的鍵值對數量就是偏少的,擴容后,重新將鍵值對 存儲在桶數組中,鍵與鍵之間產生的碰撞會下降,鏈表的長度也會隨之變短。
但是如果增加負載因子當這個負載因子大于1的時候,HashMap所能夠容納的鍵值對就會變多,這樣碰撞就會增加, 這樣的話鏈表的長度也會增加,一般情況下負載因子我們都不會去修改。都是默認的0.75。加q群:479499375,可獲取一份Java進階學習資料包,有(Java工程化、分布式架構、高并發、高性能、深入淺出、微服務架構、Spring、MyBatis、Netty、源碼分析、JVM原理解析等...這些成為架構師必備的內容)以及Java進階學習路線圖。
resize()這個方法就是重新計算容量的一個方法,我們看看源碼:
/** * Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold. * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move * with a power of two offset in the new table. * * @return the table */final Node<K,V>[] resize() { //引用擴容前的Entry數組 Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table; int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length; int oldThr = threshold; int newCap, newThr = 0; if (oldCap > 0) { // 擴容前的數組大小如果已經達到最大(2^30)了 //在這里去判斷是否達到最大的大小 if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) { //修改閾值為int的最大值(2^31-1),這樣以后就不會擴容了 threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE; return oldTab; } // 如果擴容后小于最大值 而且 舊數組桶大于初始容量16, 閾值左移1(擴大2倍) else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold } // 如果數組桶容量<=0 且 舊閾值 >0 else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold //新的容量就等于舊的閥值 newCap = oldThr; else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults // 如果數組桶容量<=0 且 舊閾值 <=0 // 新容量=默認容量 // 新閾值= 負載因子*默認容量 newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY; newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY); } // 如果新閾值為0 if (newThr == 0) { // 重新計算閾值 float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor; newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ? (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE); } //在這里就會 更新閾值 threshold = newThr; @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"}) //創建新的數組 Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap]; // 覆蓋數組桶 table = newTab; // 如果舊數組桶不是空,則遍歷桶數組,并將鍵值對映射到新的桶數組中 //在這里還有一點詭異的,1.7是不存在后邊紅黑樹的,但是1.8就是有紅黑樹 if (oldTab != null) { for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) { Node<K,V> e; if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) { oldTab[j] = null; if (e.next == null) newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e; // 如果是紅黑樹 else if (e instanceof TreeNode) // 重新映射時,然后對紅黑樹進行拆分 ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap); else { // preserve order // 如果不是紅黑樹,那也就是說他鏈表長度沒有超過8,那么還是鏈表, //那么還是會按照鏈表處理 Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null; Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null; Node<K,V> next; // 遍歷鏈表,并將鏈表節點按原順序進行分組 do { next = e.next; if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) { if (loTail == null) loHead = e; else loTail.next = e; loTail = e; } else { if (hiTail == null) hiHead = e; else hiTail.next = e; hiTail = e; } } while ((e = next) != null); // 將分組后的鏈表映射到新桶中 if (loTail != null) { loTail.next = null; newTab[j] = loHead; } if (hiTail != null) { hiTail.next = null; newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead; } } } } } return newTab;}復制代碼
所以說在經過resize這個方法之后,元素的位置要么就是在原來的位置,要么就是在原來的位置移動2次冪的位置上。 源碼上的注釋也是可以翻譯出來的
/** * Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold. * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move * with a power of two offset in the new table. * * @return the table 如果為null,則分配符合字段閾值中保存的初始容量目標。 否則,因為我們使用的是2次冪擴展, 所以每個bin中的元素必須保持相同的索引,或者在新表中以2的偏移量移動。 */ final Node<K,V>[] resize() .....復制代碼
所以說他的擴容其實很有意思,就有了三種不同的擴容方式了,
在HashMap剛初始化的時候,使用默認的構造初始化,會返回一個空的table,并且 thershold為0,因此第一次擴容的時候默認值就會是16. 同時再去計算thershold = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16*0.75 = 12.
如果說指定初始容量的初始HashMap的時候,那么這時候計算這個threshold的時候就變成了 threshold = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * threshold(當前的容量)
到此,關于“HashMap的底層實現原理”的學習就結束了,希望能夠解決大家的疑惑。理論與實踐的搭配能更好的幫助大家學習,快去試試吧!若想繼續學習更多相關知識,請繼續關注億速云網站,小編會繼續努力為大家帶來更多實用的文章!
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