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本篇文章和大家了解一下MySQL數據庫中去重與連接查詢的方法。有一定的參考價值,有需要的朋友可以參考一下,希望對大家有所幫助。
1.去重
2.連接查詢
使用where進行多表連接查詢
內連接 - 等值連接
內連接 - 非等值連接
內連接 - 自連接
外連接 - 左右外連接
三表連接
示例表內容參考此文章
有些 MySQL 數據表中可能存在重復的記錄,有些情況我們允許重復數據的存在,但有時候我們也需要刪除這些重復的數據。
例如:去重顯示崗位信息:
mysql> select distinct job from emp; +-----------+ | job | +-----------+ | CLERK | | SALESMAN | | MANAGER | | ANALYST | | PRESIDENT | +-----------+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
另一個示例:聯合去重,查找部門和崗位的獨有信息:
mysql> select distinct job,deptno from emp; +-----------+--------+ | job | deptno | +-----------+--------+ | CLERK | 20 | | SALESMAN | 30 | | MANAGER | 20 | | MANAGER | 30 | | MANAGER | 10 | | ANALYST | 20 | | PRESIDENT | 10 | | CLERK | 30 | | CLERK | 10 | +-----------+--------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
另一個示例:現在我們想統計一下工作崗位的數量,結合使用count函數:
mysql> select count(distinct job) from emp; +---------------------+ | count(distinct job) | +---------------------+ | 5 | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
我們已經學會了如何在一張表中讀取數據,這是相對簡單的,但是在真正的應用中經常需要從多個數據表中讀取數據。
JOIN 按照功能大致分為如下三類:
INNER JOIN(內連接,或等值連接):獲取兩個表中字段匹配關系的記錄。
LEFT JOIN(左連接):獲取左表所有記錄,即使右表沒有對應匹配的記錄。
RIGHT JOIN(右連接): 與 LEFT JOIN 相反,用于獲取右表所有記錄,即使左表沒有對應匹配的記錄。
多表連接的機制是:從其中一個表中取出每一條數據,從另一個表中的數據行進行匹配。這就涉及到了效率控制問題
現在我們來演示一個例子:取出每個員工的名字和部門名字:
mysql> select ename,dname -> from emp,dept -> where emp.deptno = dept.deptno; +--------+------------+ | ename | dname | +--------+------------+ | SMITH | RESEARCH | | ALLEN | SALES | | WARD | SALES | | JONES | RESEARCH | | MARTIN | SALES | | BLAKE | SALES | | CLARK | ACCOUNTING | | SCOTT | RESEARCH | | KING | ACCOUNTING | | TURNER | SALES | | ADAMS | RESEARCH | | JAMES | SALES | | FORD | RESEARCH | | MILLER | ACCOUNTING | +--------+------------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上面的sql語句實際上效率很低,我們嘗試進行優化(給表起別名):(sql92語法)
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname -> from emp e,dept d -> where e.deptno = d.deptno; +--------+------------+ | ename | dname | +--------+------------+ | SMITH | RESEARCH | | ALLEN | SALES | | WARD | SALES | | JONES | RESEARCH | | MARTIN | SALES | | BLAKE | SALES | | CLARK | ACCOUNTING | | SCOTT | RESEARCH | | KING | ACCOUNTING | | TURNER | SALES | | ADAMS | RESEARCH | | JAMES | SALES | | FORD | RESEARCH | | MILLER | ACCOUNTING | +--------+------------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意:表的連接次數越多,效率越低,請盡量減少表的連接次數!
還是上面的例子,取出每個員工的名字和部門名字:(sql99語法)
內連接,我們使用inner
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname -> from emp e -> inner join -> dept d -> on -> e.deptno = d.deptno; +--------+------------+ | ename | dname | +--------+------------+ | SMITH | RESEARCH | | ALLEN | SALES | | WARD | SALES | | JONES | RESEARCH | | MARTIN | SALES | | BLAKE | SALES | | CLARK | ACCOUNTING | | SCOTT | RESEARCH | | KING | ACCOUNTING | | TURNER | SALES | | ADAMS | RESEARCH | | JAMES | SALES | | FORD | RESEARCH | | MILLER | ACCOUNTING | +--------+------------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
sql99的優點是:表的連接是獨立的,不占用where的位置。使sql語句整體更加清晰
案例:找出每個員工的薪資等級,要求顯示員工名,薪資,薪資等級
mysql> select -> e.ename,e.sal,s.grade -> from -> emp e -> inner join -> salgrade s -> on -> e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal; +--------+---------+-------+ | ename | sal | grade | +--------+---------+-------+ | SMITH | 800.00 | 1 | | ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 | | WARD | 1250.00 | 2 | | JONES | 2975.00 | 4 | | MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 | | BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 | | CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 | | KING | 5000.00 | 5 | | TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 | | ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 | | JAMES | 950.00 | 1 | | FORD | 3000.00 | 4 | | MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 | +--------+---------+-------+ 14 rows in set (0.01 sec)
案例:查詢員工的上級領導,要求顯示員工名和對應的領導名
我們可以發現,員工和領導的關系在一張表中,此時需要用到自連接(技巧:一張表看成兩張表)
mysql> select -> a.ename as '員工名',b.ename as '領導名' -> from emp a -> join emp b -> on -> a.mgr = b.empno; +-----------+-----------+ | 員工名 | 領導名 | +-----------+-----------+ | SMITH | FORD | | ALLEN | BLAKE | | WARD | BLAKE | | JONES | KING | | MARTIN | BLAKE | | BLAKE | KING | | CLARK | KING | | SCOTT | JONES | | TURNER | BLAKE | | ADAMS | SCOTT | | JAMES | BLAKE | | FORD | JONES | | MILLER | CLARK | +-----------+-----------+ 13 rows in set (0.00 sec)
外連接與內連接的區別是,外連接沒有匹配成功的某一個表的記錄也會被取出
案例:查找員工的部門信息。要求部門即使沒有員工也要查出
mysql> select -> e.ename,d.dname -> from emp e -> right join dept d -> on -> e.deptno = d.deptno; +--------+------------+ | ename | dname | +--------+------------+ | SMITH | RESEARCH | | ALLEN | SALES | | WARD | SALES | | JONES | RESEARCH | | MARTIN | SALES | | BLAKE | SALES | | CLARK | ACCOUNTING | | SCOTT | RESEARCH | | KING | ACCOUNTING | | TURNER | SALES | | ADAMS | RESEARCH | | JAMES | SALES | | FORD | RESEARCH | | MILLER | ACCOUNTING | | NULL | OPERATIONS | +--------+------------+ 15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
同樣的,如果是左外連接,將查詢出左表的全部數據,使用left join關鍵字即可
外連接的查詢結果條數一定是 >= 內連接的查詢結果條數
更為復雜的情況是,群表連接
我們來看一個案例:
找出每個員工的部門名稱及工資等級。要求顯示員工名,部門名,薪資,薪資等級
mysql> select -> e.ename,e.sal,d.dname,s.grade -> from emp e -> join dept d -> on e.deptno = d.deptno -> join salgrade s -> on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal; +--------+---------+------------+-------+ | ename | sal | dname | grade | +--------+---------+------------+-------+ | SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH | 1 | | ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES | 3 | | WARD | 1250.00 | SALES | 2 | | JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | | MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES | 2 | | BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES | 4 | | CLARK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING | 4 | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | | KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING | 5 | | TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES | 3 | | ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH | 1 | | JAMES | 950.00 | SALES | 1 | | FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | | MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING | 2 | +--------+---------+------------+-------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
再來看一個更復雜的情況:
找出每個員工的部門名稱及工資等級及領導名稱。要求顯示員工名,部門名,領導名,薪資,薪資等級
mysql> select -> e.ename,e.sal,d.dname,s.grade,l.ename -> from emp e -> join dept d -> on e.deptno = d.deptno -> join salgrade s -> on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal -> left join -> emp l -> on e.mgr = l.empno; +--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+ | ename | sal | dname | grade | ename | +--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+ | SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH | 1 | FORD | | ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES | 3 | BLAKE | | WARD | 1250.00 | SALES | 2 | BLAKE | | JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | KING | | MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES | 2 | BLAKE | | BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES | 4 | KING | | CLARK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING | 4 | KING | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | JONES | | KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING | 5 | NULL | | TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES | 3 | BLAKE | | ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH | 1 | SCOTT | | JAMES | 950.00 | SALES | 1 | BLAKE | | FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | JONES | | MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING | 2 | CLARK | +--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
以上就是MySQL數據庫中去重與連接查詢的方法的簡略介紹,當然詳細使用上面的不同還得要大家自己使用過才領會。如果想了解更多,歡迎關注億速云行業資訊頻道哦!
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