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這篇文章主要介紹Angular中如何使用HttpClientModule模塊,文中介紹的非常詳細,具有一定的參考價值,感興趣的小伙伴們一定要看完!
該模塊用于發送 Http
請求,用于發送請求的方法都返回 Observable
對象。
1. 快速開始
引入 HttpClientModule
模塊
// app.module.ts import { httpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http'; imports: [ httpClientModule ]
注入 HttpClient
服務實例對象,用于發送請求
// app.component.ts import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http'; export class AppComponent { constructor(private http: HttpClient) {} }
發送請求
import { HttpClient } from "@angular/common/http" export class AppComponent implements OnInit { constructor(private http: HttpClient) {} ngOnInit() { this.getUsers().subscribe(console.log) } getUsers() { return this.http.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users") } }
2. 請求方法
this.http.get(url [, options]); this.http.post(url, data [, options]); this.http.delete(url [, options]); this.http.put(url, data [, options]);
this.http.get<Post[]>('/getAllPosts') .subscribe(response => console.log(response))
3. 請求參數
HttpParams
類
export declare class HttpParams { constructor(options?: HttpParamsOptions); has(param: string): boolean; get(param: string): string | null; getAll(param: string): string[] | null; keys(): string[]; append(param: string, value: string): HttpParams; set(param: string, value: string): HttpParams; delete(param: string, value?: string): HttpParams; toString(): string; }
HttpParamsOptions
接口
declare interface HttpParamsOptions { fromString?: string; fromObject?: { [param: string]: string | ReadonlyArray<string>; }; encoder?: HttpParameterCodec; }
使用示例
import { HttpParams } from '@angular/common/http'; let params = new HttpParams({ fromObject: {name: "zhangsan", age: "20"}}) params = params.append("sex", "male") let params = new HttpParams({ fromString: "name=zhangsan&age=20"})
4. 請求頭
請求頭字段的創建需要使用 HttpHeaders
類,在類實例對象下面有各種操作請求頭的方法。
export declare class HttpHeaders { constructor(headers?: string | { [name: string]: string | string[]; }); has(name: string): boolean; get(name: string): string | null; keys(): string[]; getAll(name: string): string[] | null; append(name: string, value: string | string[]): HttpHeaders; set(name: string, value: string | string[]): HttpHeaders; delete(name: string, value?: string | string[]): HttpHeaders; }
let headers = new HttpHeaders({ test: "Hello" })
5. 響應內容
declare type HttpObserve = 'body' | 'response'; // response 讀取完整響應體 // body 讀取服務器端返回的數據
this.http.get( "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users", { observe: "body" } ).subscribe(console.log)
6. 攔截器
攔截器是 Angular
應用中全局捕獲和修改 HTTP
請求和響應的方式。(Token
、Error
)
攔截器將只攔截使用 HttpClientModule
模塊發出的請求。
$ ng g interceptor <name>
6.1 請求攔截
@Injectable() export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor { constructor() {} // 攔截方法 intercept( // unknown 指定請求體 (body) 的類型 request: HttpRequest<unknown>, next: HttpHandler // unknown 指定響應內容 (body) 的類型 ): Observable<HttpEvent<unknown>> { // 克隆并修改請求頭 const req = request.clone({ setHeaders: { Authorization: "Bearer xxxxxxx" } }) // 通過回調函數將修改后的請求頭回傳給應用 return next.handle(req) } }
6.2 響應攔截
@Injectable() export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor { constructor() {} // 攔截方法 intercept( request: HttpRequest<unknown>, next: HttpHandler ): Observable<any> { return next.handle(request).pipe( retry(2), catchError((error: HttpErrorResponse) => throwError(error)) ) } }
6.3 攔截器注入
import { AuthInterceptor } from "./auth.interceptor" import { HTTP_INTERCEPTORS } from "@angular/common/http" @NgModule({ providers: [ { provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthInterceptor, multi: true } ] })
7. Angular Proxy
在項目的根目錄下創建 proxy.conf.json
文件并加入如下代碼
{ "/api/*": { "target": "http://localhost:3070", "secure": false, "changeOrigin": true } }
/api/:在應用中發出的以
/api
開頭的請求走此代理target:服務器端
URL
secure:如果服務器端
URL
的協議是https
,此項需要為true
changeOrigin:如果服務器端不是
localhost
, 此項需要為true
指定 proxy
配置文件 (方式一)
// package.json "scripts": { "start": "ng serve --proxy-config proxy.conf.json", }
指定 proxy
配置文件 (方式二)
// angular.json 文件中 "serve": { "options": { "proxyConfig": "proxy.conf.json" },
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