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這篇“Docker如何定制容器鏡像”文章的知識點大部分人都不太理解,所以小編給大家總結了以下內容,內容詳細,步驟清晰,具有一定的借鑒價值,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章能有所收獲,下面我們一起來看看這篇“Docker如何定制容器鏡像”文章吧。
一、需求
由于在測試環境中使用了docker官網的centos 鏡像,但是該鏡像里面默認沒有安裝ssh服務,在做測試時又需要開啟ssh。所以上網也查了查資料。
二、鏡像定制
第一種方式(手動修改容器鏡像)
1.先下載centos鏡像
[root@docker ~]# docker pull centos
2.啟動容器并進行配置
啟動容器,
[root@docker ~]# docker run -it -d --name test-centos1 centos d72250ecaa5e3e36226a1edd749f494d9f00eddc4143c81ac3565aa4e551791a
命令注釋:-it : 進行交互式操作
-d : 等同于 -d=true,容器將會在后臺運行,不然執行一次命令后,退出后,便是exit狀態了。
--name : 容器啟動后的名字,默認不指定,將會隨機產生一個名字。或者使用 -name="containers_name"
centos:使用的鏡像名稱
進入容器,安裝ssh server,以及配置開機啟動
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -it test-centos1 /bin/bash [root@d72250ecaa5e /]# ifconfig bash: ifconfig: command not found
注:命令最后參數 /bin/bash: 指進入容器時執行的命令(command)
我們檢查了下容器,暫時安裝以下必用的軟件吧 net-tools,openssh-server
[root@d72250ecaa5e /]# yum install openssh-server net-tools -y
創建ssh 所需的目錄,并在根目錄創建sshd 啟動腳本
[root@d72250ecaa5e /]# mkdir -pv /var/run/sshd mkdir: created directory '/var/run/sshd' [root@d72250ecaa5e /]# cat /auto_sshd.sh #!/bin/bash /usr/sbin/sshd -d [root@d72250ecaa5e /]# chmod +x /auto_sshd.sh
修改容器內root 的賬戶密碼
[root@d72250ecaa5e /]# echo "root:iloveworld" | chpasswd
生成ssh 主機dsa 密鑰(不然ssh 該容器時,會出現錯誤。)
[root@d72250ecaa5e /]# ssh-keygen -t dsa -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key [root@d72250ecaa5e /]# ssh-keygen -t rsa -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
我們加一個history記錄的時間功能吧,這樣方便后期查看
echo 'export histtimeformat="%f %t `whoami` "' >> /etc/profile
ok,配置基本完畢咯。清理命令歷史紀錄,之后退出容器。現在可以生成一個新的docker 鏡像了。
3.配置完成后,進行打包成新的鏡像
[root@docker ~]# docker commit test-centos1 centos_sshd:7.0 sha256:6e3330b30dfff5f029f102874e54cfffffbc37dcf2a4eb7304c817148fbc944d [root@docker ~]# docker images repository tag image id created size centos_sshd 7.0 6e3330b30dff 8 seconds ago 310.1 mb docker.io/ubuntu latest e4415b714b62 12 days ago 128.1 mb
命令注釋:commit: 提交一個具有新配置的容器成為鏡像,后面跟容器的name 或者容器id ,最后是生成新鏡像的名字
更新:這條命令更方便以后啟動,如下:
[root@docker ~]# docker commit --change='cmd ["/auto_sshd.sh"]' -c "expose 22" test-centos1 centos_sshd:7.0 sha256:7bb4efd82c4ff1f241cbc57ee45aab1b05d214b1e9fcd51196696c67d480e70b
命令注釋: --change : 將后期使用此鏡像運行容器時的命令參數、開放的容器端口提前設置好。
4.驗證
查看鏡像,并啟動新的容器
[root@docker ~]# docker images repository tag image id created size centos_sshd 7.0 7bb4efd82c4f 4 minutes ago 310.1 mb docker.io/ubuntu latest e4415b714b62 12 days ago 128.1 mb [root@docker ~]# docker run -d -it --name centos_7.0-1 centos_sshd:7.0 ec17e553d5c4c60865afeb99df8dfd1f4e7d4ba6e1b0d5516f9127f09d1d6356 [root@docker ~]# docker ps -a container id image command created status ports names ec17e553d5c4 centos_sshd:7.0 "/auto_sshd.sh" 6 seconds ago up 5 seconds 22/tcp centos_7.0-1
進行ssh測試,先查看一下該容器的ip,之后ssh。ok
[root@docker ~]# docker exec centos_7.0-1 hostname -i 172.17.0.4 [root@docker ~]# ssh root@172.17.0.4 the authenticity of host '172.17.0.4 (172.17.0.4)' can't be established. rsa key fingerprint is 87:88:07:12:ac:0a:90:28:10:e1:9e:eb:1f:d6:c9:9d. are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes warning: permanently added '172.17.0.4' (rsa) to the list of known hosts. root@172.17.0.4's password: last login: tue nov 29 16:00:49 2016 from gateway [root@ec17e553d5c4 ~]# w 16:34:17 up 63 days, 7:49, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.02, 0.05 user tty from login@ idle jcpu pcpu what root pts/0 gateway 16:34 1.00s 0.00s 0.00s w [root@ec17e553d5c4 ~]# ping gateway ping gateway (172.17.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from gateway (172.17.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
第二種方式(推薦:利用dockerfile文件)
我的認為它就像ansible的playbook一樣。dockerfile包含創建鏡像所需要的全部指令。基于在dockerfile中的指令,我們可以使用docker build命令來創建鏡像。通過減少鏡像和容器的創建過程來簡化部署。
1.創建dockerfile文件
新建一個目錄,在里面新建一個dockerfile文件(新建一個的目錄,主要是為了和以防和其它dockerfile混亂 )
[root@docker ~]# mkdir centos7-dockerfile [root@docker centos7-dockerfile]# cat dockerfile # the dockerfile has change add sshd services on centos7.0 #centos7:latest image from centos:latest maintainer yifeng,http://www.cnblogs.com/hanyifeng #install sshd net-tools run yum install openssh-server net-tools -y run mkdir /var/run/sshd #set password for root run echo 'root:iloveworld' | chpasswd run sed -i 's/permitrootlogin prohibit-password/permitrootlogin yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config #set history record env histtimeformat "%f %t " #fix sshd service:read from socket failed: connection reset by peer? run ssh-keygen -a #change timezone cst run \cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/asia/shanghai /etc/localtime #open 22 port expose 22 #auto running sshd service cmd ["/usr/sbin/sshd","-d"]
上述文件內容就是一個dockerfile 常見的命令組合。開頭帶#號的為注釋
文件解釋:
from: 必不可少的命令,從某個鏡像作為基。如 from <image_name> ,或者 from <image_name>:<tag>. 如果不加tag,默認為latest。先從本地鏡像倉庫去搜索基鏡像,如過本地沒有,在去網上docker registry去尋找。
maintainer:標明該dockerfile作者及聯系方式,可忽略不寫
run:建立新的鏡像時,可以執行在系統里的命令,如安裝特定的軟件以及設置環境變量。
env:設置系統環境變量(注意:寫在/etc/profile里的命令在dockerfile這里會不生效,所以為改成env的方式)
expose:開放容器內的端口,但不和宿主機進行映射。方便在宿主機上進行開發測試。(如需映射到宿主機端口,可在運行容器時使用 -p host_port:container_port)
cmd:設置執行的命令,經常用于容器啟動時指定的某個操作。如執行自定義腳本服務,或者是執行系統命令。cmd 只能存在一條,如在dockerfile中有多條cmd的話,只有最后一條cmd生效!
2.執行build 創建鏡像
使用docker build命令來創建鏡像
[root@docker centos7-dockerfile]# docker build -t centos_sshd_1 .
-t 選項來docker build新的鏡像以便于標記構建的鏡像,. 表示當前目錄,也可以指定dockerfile 文件所在目錄。
下面縮略的內容是構建鏡像時的輸出,可以看下。
[root@docker centos7-dockerfile]# docker build -t centos_sshd_1 . sending build context to docker daemon 4.096 kb step 1 : from centos:latest ---> 0584b3d2cf6d step 2 : maintainer yifeng,http://www.cnblogs.com/hanyifeng ---> running in da643b55dc77 ---> 1087074d44e4 removing intermediate container da643b55dc77 step 3 : run yum install openssh-server net-tools -y ---> running in 5626d8f0f892 loaded plugins: fastestmirror, ovl determining fastest mirrors * base: mirrors.btte.net * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn * updates: mirrors.btte.net resolving dependencies --> running transaction check ---> package net-tools.x86_64 0:2.0-0.17.20131004git.el7 will be installed ---> package openssh-server.x86_64 0:6.6.1p1-25.el7_2 will be installed --> processing dependency: openssh = 6.6.1p1-25.el7_2 for package: openssh-server-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64 --> processing dependency: fipscheck-lib(x86-64) >= 1.3.0 for package: openssh-server-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libwrap.so.0()(64bit) for package: openssh-server-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64 --> processing dependency: libfipscheck.so.1()(64bit) for package: openssh-server-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64 --> running transaction check ---> package fipscheck-lib.x86_64 0:1.4.1-5.el7 will be installed --> processing dependency: /usr/bin/fipscheck for package: fipscheck-lib-1.4.1-5.el7.x86_64 ---> package openssh.x86_64 0:6.6.1p1-25.el7_2 will be installed ---> package tcp_wrappers-libs.x86_64 0:7.6-77.el7 will be installed --> running transaction check ---> package fipscheck.x86_64 0:1.4.1-5.el7 will be installed --> finished dependency resolution dependencies resolved ================================================================================ package arch version repository size ================================================================================ installing: net-tools x86_64 2.0-0.17.20131004git.el7 base 304 k openssh-server x86_64 6.6.1p1-25.el7_2 updates 436 k installing for dependencies: fipscheck x86_64 1.4.1-5.el7 base 21 k fipscheck-lib x86_64 1.4.1-5.el7 base 11 k openssh x86_64 6.6.1p1-25.el7_2 updates 435 k tcp_wrappers-libs x86_64 7.6-77.el7 base 66 k transaction summary ================================================================================ install 2 packages (+4 dependent packages) total download size: 1.2 m installed size: 3.4 m downloading packages: public key for fipscheck-lib-1.4.1-5.el7.x86_64.rpm is not installed warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/fipscheck-lib-1.4.1-5.el7.x86_64.rpm: header v3 rsa/sha256 signature, key id f4a80eb5: nokey public key for openssh-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64.rpm is not installed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total 593 kb/s | 1.2 mb 00:02 retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/rpm-gpg-key-centos-7 importing gpg key 0xf4a80eb5: userid : "centos-7 key (centos 7 official signing key) <security@centos.org>" fingerprint: 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5 package : centos-release-7-2.1511.el7.centos.2.10.x86_64 (@centos) from : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/rpm-gpg-key-centos-7 running transaction check running transaction test transaction test succeeded running transaction installing : fipscheck-1.4.1-5.el7.x86_64 1/6 installing : fipscheck-lib-1.4.1-5.el7.x86_64 2/6 installing : openssh-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64 3/6 installing : tcp_wrappers-libs-7.6-77.el7.x86_64 4/6 installing : openssh-server-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64 5/6 installing : net-tools-2.0-0.17.20131004git.el7.x86_64 6/6 verifying : openssh-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64 1/6 verifying : openssh-server-6.6.1p1-25.el7_2.x86_64 2/6 verifying : net-tools-2.0-0.17.20131004git.el7.x86_64 3/6 verifying : tcp_wrappers-libs-7.6-77.el7.x86_64 4/6 verifying : fipscheck-lib-1.4.1-5.el7.x86_64 5/6 verifying : fipscheck-1.4.1-5.el7.x86_64 6/6 installed: net-tools.x86_64 0:2.0-0.17.20131004git.el7 openssh-server.x86_64 0:6.6.1p1-25.el7_2 dependency installed: fipscheck.x86_64 0:1.4.1-5.el7 fipscheck-lib.x86_64 0:1.4.1-5.el7 openssh.x86_64 0:6.6.1p1-25.el7_2 tcp_wrappers-libs.x86_64 0:7.6-77.el7 complete! ---> 7b249ed8cb54 removing intermediate container 5626d8f0f892 step 4 : run mkdir /var/run/sshd ---> running in fc94a139d438 ---> ea2826eccc91 removing intermediate container fc94a139d438 step 5 : run echo 'root:iloveworld' | chpasswd ---> running in ba53283081a7 ---> 7ce1ddb5d9c0 removing intermediate container ba53283081a7 step 6 : run sed -i 's/permitrootlogin prohibit-password/permitrootlogin yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config ---> running in 4112281a5bf0 ---> be21fb6b5b1e removing intermediate container 4112281a5bf0 step 7 : env histtimeformat "%f %t " ---> running in f2081726e403 ---> f3fafca42170 removing intermediate container f2081726e403 step 8 : run ssh-keygen -a ---> running in 2ca9e743dee7 ssh-keygen: generating new host keys: rsa1 rsa dsa ecdsa ed25519 ---> 1a927943bee7 removing intermediate container 2ca9e743dee7 step 9 : run \cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/asia/shanghai /etc/localtime ---> running in afd43cc6d4d6 ---> 4a0cacf6cd72 removing intermediate container afd43cc6d4d6 step 10 : expose 22 ---> running in a03551bc3bcb ---> 3af544106bf4 removing intermediate container a03551bc3bcb step 11 : cmd /usr/sbin/sshd -d ---> running in f45fe5eb5561 ---> d4620c9949b8 removing intermediate container f45fe5eb5561 successfully built d4620c9949b8
3.查看鏡像列表,并創建容器
[root@docker centos7-dockerfile]# docker images repository tag image id created size centos_sshd_1 latest d4620c9949b8 4 minutes ago 308.4 mb centos_sshd 7.0 7bb4efd82c4f 2 days ago 310.1 mb
我們剛剛新建的容器已經存在了,現在用它來創建容器
[root@docker centos7-dockerfile]# docker run -d -it --name centos-two centos_sshd_1 7ae51091c138d249b5e97f6957073e748db278c0f1cf856e968ca78a4aec1a5b
查看容器
[root@docker centos7-dockerfile]# docker ps container id image command created status ports names 7ae51091c138 centos_sshd_1 "/usr/sbin/sshd -d" 16 seconds ago up 15 seconds 22/tcp centos-two
可以看到容器的command 就是我們之前定義啟動ssh 服務的,并且開放了22端口。
現在我們在宿主機上查看下該容器的ip,然后用ssh 鏈接進去。
[root@docker ~]# docker exec centos-two hostname -i 172.17.0.7 [root@docker ~]# ssh root@172.17.0.7 the authenticity of host '172.17.0.7 (172.17.0.7)' can't be established. ecdsa key fingerprint is 7a:38:69:d7:5e:f4:db:e8:3c:ea:92:a4:1a:a1:7b:9a. are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes warning: permanently added '172.17.0.7' (ecdsa) to the list of known hosts. root@172.17.0.7's password: [root@7ae51091c138 ~]# w 11:19:34 up 65 days, 18:34, 1 user, load average: 0.01, 0.04, 0.05 user tty from login@ idle jcpu pcpu what root pts/0 gateway 11:19 6.00s 0.00s 0.00s w
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