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[root@localhost software]# tar xf nginx-1.15.5.tar.gz
[root@localhost software]# cd nginx-1.15.5/
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# groupadd nginx
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# useradd nginx -M -s /sbin/nologin -g nginx
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# mkdir -p /project/nginx1.15.0
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# mkdir -p /project/{logs/nginx,cache/nginx}
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# ll /project/
總用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 19 11月 1 21:48 cache
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 19 11月 1 21:48 logs
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 11月 1 21:48 nginx1.15.0
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# ./configure --prefix=/project/nginx1.15.0 --with-openssl=/opt/software/openssl-1.1.1 --with-openssl-opt="enable-ec_nistp_64_gcc_128" --with-http_ssl_module --user=nginx --group=nginx --error-log-path=/project/logs/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/project/logs/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/project/cache/nginx/client_temp --http-proxy-temp-path=/project/cache/nginx/proxy_temp --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/project/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/project/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp --http-scgi-temp-path=/project/cache/nginx/scgi_temp --with-file-aio --with-http_v2_module
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# make -j 2
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# make install
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# make clean
rm -rf Makefile objs
[root@localhost nginx-1.15.5]# cd ..
[root@localhost software]# cd /project/nginx1.15.0/
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# sbin/nginx
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# netstat -tulnp |grep nginx
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:*
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# ps -ef |grep nginx
root 7420 1 0 22:22 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process sbin/nginx
nginx 7421 7420 0 22:22 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 7422 7420 0 22:22 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 7423 7420 0 22:22 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx 7424 7420 0 22:22 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root 7430 1869 0 22:23 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# mkdir conf/certs
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# mkdir html/tls
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# echo "Hello TLS" > html/tls/index.html
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# cat html/tls/index.html
Hello TLS
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# vim conf/nginx.conf
.......
# HTTPS server
#
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.linuxplus.com;
ssl_certificate certs/rsa_01cert.crt;
ssl_certificate_key certs/rsa_2048prikey.pem;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
root html/tls;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
[root@localhost nginx1.15.0]# cd conf/certs/
[root@localhost certs]# openssl genrsa -out rsa_2048prikey.pem 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
.........................+++++
.....................................................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
[root@localhost certs]# ll
總用量 4
-rw-------. 1 root root 1679 10月 28 19:14 rsa_2048prikey.pem
[root@localhost certs]# openssl req -new -key rsa_2048prikey.pem -out rsa_01cert.csr -subj /C=CN/ST=ShanDong/L=QingDao/O=Devops/OU=Devops/CN=www.linuxplus.com/emailAddress=admin@linuxplus.com
[root@localhost certs]# ll
總用量 8
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1066 10月 28 19:18 rsa_01cert.csr
-rw-------. 1 root root 1679 10月 28 19:14 rsa_2048prikey.pem
[root@localhost certs]# openssl ca -in rsa_01cert.csr -days 300 -md sha384 -out rsa_01cert.crt -batch -notext
Using configuration from /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for /usr/local/openssl/CA/private/root_prikey_ecdsa.pem:
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number:
3b:f9:bc:72:54:4e:25:a7:07:2d:92:42:06:a7:61:59
Validity
Not Before: Oct 28 11:20:49 2022 GMT
Not After : Aug 24 11:20:49 2023 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = ShanDong
localityName = QingDao
organizationName = Devops
organizationalUnitName = Devops
commonName = www.linuxplus.com
emailAddress = admin@linuxplus.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
DB:39:F0:61:40:3D:0B:4A:0A:20:1C:02:AF:3C:49:2B:86:78:22:C6
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:9F:7A:42:AF:E4:36:0D:01:CD:FF:27:57:18:2A:3E:CC:8A:77:C0:D7
Certificate is to be certified until Aug 24 11:20:49 2023 GMT (300 days)
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@localhost certs]# ll
總用量 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1241 10月 28 19:20 rsa_01cert.crt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1066 10月 28 19:18 rsa_01cert.csr
-rw-------. 1 root root 1679 10月 28 19:14 rsa_2048prikey.pem
[root@localhost certs]# cd ../../sbin/
[root@localhost sbin]# ./nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /project/nginx1.15.0/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /project/nginx1.15.0/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@localhost sbin]# ./nginx -s reload
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;ssl_ciphers "ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM
-SHA384 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
AES128-SHA AES256-SHA ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA RC4-SHA"; #排在前面的優先使用[root@localhost certs]# openssl ecparam -genkey -name prime256v1 -out ecdsa_01prikey.pem
[root@localhost certs]# openssl req -new -key ecdsa_01prikey.pem -out ecc01.csr -subj /C=CN/ST=ShanDong/L=QingDao/O=Devops/OU=Devops/CN=www.linuxplus.com/emailAddress=admin@linuxplus.com
[root@localhost certs]# openssl ca -in ecc01.csr -days 365 -out ecc_01cert.crt -batch -notext Using configuration from /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for /usr/local/openssl/CA/private/root_prikey_ecdsa.pem:
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number:
92:f4:3b:df:f9:ac:3b:5c:aa:31:89:d6:61:c6:9a:fc
Validity
Not Before: Nov 10 14:32:15 2018 GMT
Not After : Nov 10 14:32:15 2019 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = ShanDong
localityName = QingDao
organizationName = Devops
organizationalUnitName = Devops
commonName = www.linuxplus.com
emailAddress = admin@linuxplus.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
67:7B:E7:71:A6:D5:63:C7:C3:E7:6F:E4:40:B4:06:1C:D5:B6:84:58
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:7A:15:85:5F:24:70:45:4C:86:C3:FD:AA:9A:88:3E:5B:E6:63:70:56
Certificate is to be certified until Nov 10 14:32:15 2019 GMT (365 days)
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@localhost ~]# cd /project/nginx1.15.0/conf/
[root@localhost conf]# vim nginx.conf
......
ssl_certificate certs/ecc_01cert.crt;
ssl_certificate_key certs/ecdsa_01prikey.pem;
ssl_certificate certs/rsa_01cert.crt;
ssl_certificate_key certs/rsa_2048prikey.pem;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
[root@localhost conf]# ../sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /project/nginx1.15.0/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /project/nginx1.15.0/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@localhost conf]# ../sbin/nginx -s reload
客戶端驗證，是為了實現只有有證書的客戶端才能訪問那個站點或服務，證書由站點管理和頒發
[root@www certs]# openssl genrsa -out client01.key 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
...........................................................................................................+++++
........................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
[root@www certs]# openssl req -new -key client01.key -out client01.csr -subj /C=CN/ST=ShanXi/L=XiAn/O=Devops01/OU=Devops01/CN=www.linuxplus.com/emailAddress=adm@linuxplus.com
[root@www certs]# openssl ca -in client01.csr -md sha384 -out client01_cert.crt -batch -notext
Using configuration from /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for /usr/local/openssl/CA/private/root_prikey_ecdsa.pem:
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number:
92:f4:3b:df:f9:ac:3b:5c:aa:31:89:d6:61:c6:9a:fd
Validity
Not Before: Nov 11 06:06:53 2018 GMT
Not After : Nov 11 06:06:53 2019 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = ShanXi
localityName = XiAn
organizationName = Devops01
organizationalUnitName = Devops01
commonName = www.linuxplus.com
emailAddress = adm@linuxplus.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
AC:6C:C1:A7:5A:C5:91:BD:97:3C:4A:2D:CA:03:53:91:38:E9:3B:E6
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:7A:15:85:5F:24:70:45:4C:86:C3:FD:AA:9A:88:3E:5B:E6:63:70:56
Certificate is to be certified until Nov 11 06:06:53 2019 GMT (365 days)
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@www certs]# openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -passout pass:123456 -in client01_cert.crt -inkey client01.key -out client01.p12
[root@www ~]# cd /project/nginx1.15.0/conf/
[root@www conf]# vim nginx.conf
ssl_certificate certs/ecc_01cert.crt;
ssl_certificate_key certs/ecdsa_01prikey.pem;
ssl_certificate certs/rsa_01cert.crt;
ssl_certificate_key certs/rsa_2048prikey.pem;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# 開啟客戶端身份驗證
ssl_verify_client on;
# 指定客戶端證書到根證書的深度
# ssl_verify_depth 2;
# 指定簽發客戶端證書的CA證書
ssl_client_certificate /usr/local/openssl/CA/root_cacert_ecc.pem;
# 完整證書鏈中需要包含的其他CA證書
# ssl_trusted_certificate rootca.crt;
# 證書吊銷列表，有更新時Nginx需要重新加載
ssl_crl /usr/local/openssl/CA/crl.pem;
#on:是開啟只接有客戶端證書的請求。如果請求未包含證書或者證書校驗失敗，nginx會返回一個400錯誤響應。
#off:是關閉
#optional:不會強制阻斷訪問,不返回400。可在 $ssl_client_verify 變量中查看各種狀態， NONE表示沒有證書， FAILED表示證書未通過驗證， SUCCESS 表示證書有效。
[root@www conf]# ../sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /project/nginx1.15.0/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /project/nginx1.15.0/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@www conf]# ../sbin/nginx -s reload沒有導入證書
Firefox 導入證書
[root@www certs]# openssl ca -in rsa_01cert.csr -days 300 -md sha384 -out rsa_01cert.crt -batch -notext^C
[root@www certs]# openssl req -new -key client02.key -out client02.csr -subj /C=CN/ST=ShanXi/L=XiAn/O=Devops02/OU=Devops02/CN=www.linuxplus.com/emailAddress=adm@linuxplus.com
[root@www certs]# openssl ca -in client02.csr -md sha384 -out client02_cert.crt -batch -notext
Using configuration from /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for /usr/local/openssl/CA/private/root_prikey_ecdsa.pem:
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number:
92:f4:3b:df:f9:ac:3b:5c:aa:31:89:d6:61:c6:9a:fe
Validity
Not Before: Nov 11 14:00:18 2018 GMT
Not After : Nov 11 14:00:18 2019 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = ShanXi
localityName = XiAn
organizationName = Devops02
organizationalUnitName = Devops02
commonName = www.linuxplus.com
emailAddress = adm@linuxplus.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
6D:D2:63:9D:21:B1:82:4A:0F:19:B8:76:0F:B5:EA:E8:F0:F6:A3:6F
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:7A:15:85:5F:24:70:45:4C:86:C3:FD:AA:9A:88:3E:5B:E6:63:70:56
Certificate is to be certified until Nov 11 14:00:18 2019 GMT (365 days)
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@www certs]# openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -passout pass:123456 -in client02_cert.crt -inkey client02.key -out client02.p12
#吊銷證書
[root@www certs]# openssl x509 -in client01_cert.crt -serial -noout
serial=92F43BDFF9AC3B5CAA3189D661C69AFD
[root@www certs]# openssl ca -revoke /usr/local/openssl/CA/newcerts/92F43BDFF9AC3B5CAA3189D661C69AFD.pem
Using configuration from /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for /usr/local/openssl/CA/private/root_prikey_ecdsa.pem:
Revoking Certificate 92F43BDFF9AC3B5CAA3189D661C69AFD.
Data Base Updated
[root@www certs]# openssl ca -gencrl -out /usr/local/openssl/CA/crl.pem
Using configuration from /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for /usr/local/openssl/CA/private/root_prikey_ecdsa.pem:
[root@www certs]# openssl crl -in /usr/local/openssl/CA/crl.pem -text
Certificate Revocation List (CRL):
Version 2 (0x1)
Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
Issuer: C = CN, ST = BeiJing, L = BeiJing, O = CAdevops, OU = CAdevops, CN = root_ca, emailAddress = admin@linuxplus.com
Last Update: Nov 11 14:33:36 2018 GMT
Next Update: Dec 11 14:33:36 2018 GMT
CRL extensions:
X509v3 CRL Number:
1048577
Revoked Certificates:
Serial Number: 92F43BDFF9AC3B5CAA3189D661C69AFD
Revocation Date: Nov 11 14:26:37 2018 GMT
Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
30:45:02:21:00:e3:76:00:d4:07:22:2a:7f:43:1f:aa:8c:f5:
be:c7:f7:a9:bd:1f:fb:65:f0:0b:d8:0c:a0:15:7c:f3:37:5d:
63:02:20:08:d6:b8:4b:6b:3f:d2:7d:89:5f:2d:88:b5:ee:18:
cd:81:6d:fe:80:4f:0c:ef:78:b8:81:c1:dc:ca:85:a3:9b
-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----
MIIBTjCB9QIBATAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjCBjTELMAkGA1UEBhMCQ04xEDAOBgNVBAgM
B0JlaUppbmcxEDAOBgNVBAcMB0JlaUppbmcxETAPBgNVBAoMCENBZGV2b3BzMREw
DwYDVQQLDAhDQWRldm9wczEQMA4GA1UEAwwHcm9vdF9jYTEiMCAGCSqGSIb3DQEJ
ARYTYWRtaW5AbGludXhwbHVzLmNvbRcNMTgxMTExMTQzMzM2WhcNMTgxMjExMTQz
MzM2WjAkMCICEQCS9Dvf+aw7XKoxidZhxpr9Fw0xODExMTExNDI2MzdaoBAwDjAM
BgNVHRQEBQIDEAABMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCA0gAMEUCIQDjdgDUByIqf0Mfqoz1vsf3
qb0f+2XwC9gMoBV88zddYwIgCNa4S2s/0n2JXy2Ite4YzYFt/oBPDO94uIHB3MqF
o5s=
-----END X509 CRL-----
[root@www conf]# vim nginx.conf
log_format tls "$ssl_client_verify $pid $scheme $server_name $time_local $remote_addr $connection $connection_requests $ssl_protocol $ssl_cipher $ssl_session_id $ssl_session_reused $ssl_curves";
access_log /project/logs/nginx/access.log tls;
#$scheme：使用哪種協議
#$connection：TCP連接序號
#$connection_requests：表示在一個連接（長連接）里面有多少次請求
[root@www logs]# tail -f access.log
SUCCESS 20481 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:12:03 +0800 172.16.216.181 315 1 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 - . X25519:prime256v1:secp384r1:secp521r1:0x0100:0x0101
SUCCESS 20481 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:12:03 +0800 172.16.216.181 315 2 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 - . X25519:prime256v1:secp384r1:secp521r1:0x0100:0x0101
SUCCESS 20481 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:12:28 +0800 172.16.216.181 315 3 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 - . X25519:prime256v1:secp384r1:secp521r1:0x0100:0x0101
SUCCESS 20481 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:12:28 +0800 172.16.216.181 315 4 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 - . X25519:prime256v1:secp384r1:secp521r1:0x0100:0x0101
........
#SUCCESS：表示成功
#20481：Nginx的PID
#ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256：密鑰套件
[root@www nginx1.15.0]# vim conf/nginx.conf
ssl_session_tickets off;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m; #分配1MB的共享內存緩存，使用1 MB的內存可以緩存大約4000個會話
ssl_session_timeout 5m; #設置會話緩存過期時間，默認的會話緩存過期時間只有5分鐘
SUCCESS 20574 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:43:22 +0800 172.16.216.181 331 1 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 20dfe772e67ea1fd9792ad5718cd416be900c51df38bf05ed87371049c1c41ed r -
SUCCESS 20574 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:43:22 +0800 172.16.216.181 331 2 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 20dfe772e67ea1fd9792ad5718cd416be900c51df38bf05ed87371049c1c41ed r -
SUCCESS 20574 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:43:24 +0800 172.16.216.181 331 3 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 20dfe772e67ea1fd9792ad5718cd416be900c51df38bf05ed87371049c1c41ed r -
SUCCESS 20574 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:43:24 +0800 172.16.216.181 331 4 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 20dfe772e67ea1fd9792ad5718cd416be900c51df38bf05ed87371049c1c41ed r -
SUCCESS 20574 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:43:24 +0800 172.16.216.181 331 5 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 20dfe772e67ea1fd9792ad5718cd416be900c51df38bf05ed87371049c1c41ed r -
SUCCESS 20574 https www.linuxplus.com 23/Nov/2018:23:43:24 +0800 172.16.216.181 331 6 TLSv1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 20dfe772e67ea1fd9792ad5718cd416be900c51df38bf05ed87371049c1c41ed r -
#r 則表示被重用，如果是.表示沒有重用
配置項使用格式：
ssl_session_cache off | none | [builtin[:size]] [shared:name:size]默認選項是 none；
off ：禁用緩存 。
none：禁用緩存，但是通知客戶端可以重用會話（session），但是并不實際存儲。
builtin：內建，這個緩存只能被一個worker進程使用（nginx可以有過個worker進程），與builtin 配合的單位參數是個數 builtin:100 表示緩存100個session；如果沒有寫明數量 那么默認是20480個session。使用builtin會引起一些內存碎片。
shared：共享， shared:xx_name:xxM;，在多個worker進程中共享session，單位是M（兆字節），1M可以存放大概4000個session，共享的緩存可以有1個名稱，名稱一樣的緩存可以在多個 nginx 上配置的 server 塊上共享使用。
還可以混合使用 builtin 和 shared
ssl_session_cache builtin:1000 shared:SSL:10m; 只用共享緩存而不用內置緩存應該更有效率。根據項目情況來決定。
[root@www nginx1.15.0]# cd conf/certs/
[root@www certs]# openssl rand -out ticket48.key 48
[root@www certs]# openssl rand -out ticket80.key 80
[root@www certs]# ll -l ticket48.key
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48 11月 24 14:23 ticket48.key
[root@www certs]# ll -l ticket80.key
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 80 11月 24 14:31 ticket80.key
[root@www certs]# cd ../..
[root@www nginx1.15.0]# vim conf/nginx.conf
ssl_session_tickets on;
ssl_session_ticket_key certs/ticket48.key; #設置新密鑰，用于新票證的加解密
ssl_session_ticket_key certs/ticket80.key; #保留前一個密鑰用于老票證的解密
[root@www nginx1.15.0]# sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@www nginx1.15.0]# openssl s_client -connect 172.16.216.188:443
.......
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 0734C4A2519DD91A6B03BA6E1A572FA2E8DAB69CC23A41A249E4219B6B16934E
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: AC6A686B930A886990E031117F1032F5829C57EAFA2C363D9917973E401FE420D5F566BA5F5CD5ED2E922F5E6E6E1F1B
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
SRP username: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 300 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 95 0a 94 18 66 9c fa fb-bb e7 79 81 19 46 a5 77 ....f.....y..F.w
0010 - ec a8 37 e6 6e a2 34 0d-4e 2b e2 ce 58 3c a8 23 ..7.n.4.N+..X<.#
0020 - 8f 73 59 fd 30 0a bf 37-e2 47 6d 9e 10 76 1a 90 .sY.0..7.Gm..v..
0030 - f5 5d 7c 8c e0 32 a5 d4-3a a5 c5 e9 dc 62 e5 eb .]|..2..:....b..
0040 - fc 7d c0 98 df dd 76 4c-29 d6 51 79 d9 6a c2 f7 .}....vL).Qy.j..
0050 - e2 a5 ec a3 46 d1 27 3c-75 12 38 18 ec 20 b1 18 ....F.'<u.8.. ..
0060 - 41 13 be 58 45 96 a5 1f-7a 90 aa a1 73 17 8b 27 A..XE...z...s..'
0070 - 89 7b 63 2a 2f ad 61 53-3d d8 4e 13 c6 41 97 1f .{c*/.aS=.N..A..
0080 - ec 75 d7 bf 7f 96 29 4d-cf f6 3e 0d 23 35 fc 9a .u....)M..>.#5..
0090 - 57 98 2a 81 2c e7 b0 e1-27 33 aa d7 fb 13 01 c3 W.*.,...'3......
00a0 - 91 86 f5 63 5c b5 be 1a-58 a5 99 61 1a 82 36 de ...c\...X..a..6.
......
使用兩個密鑰輪轉的方式，在密鑰更新時服務器就不會丟棄更新前建立的會話。
在集群中實施會話票證密鑰的輪替是不可靠的，因為無法完美的實現新的密鑰在同一個時刻被所有節點同時更新。如果某個節點在其他節點前使用了新密鑰，并給某個客戶端生成了票據，隨后客戶端再次發送過來的請求被分配到其他節點處理，而其他節點可能無法解密數據（集群未采取流量保持機制），而導致SSL重新握手，這樣會造成性能下降，甚至會出現一個瓶頸期；歸根結底是各個節點在重新加載配置的時候會不可避免的存在時間差。如果選擇使用會話票證，不要過于頻繁的更新密鑰，盡量在設計上會使用流量保持，把同一個用戶分發到相同節點。
如果要完美地實現集群的會話票證密鑰輪轉，并且不介意操作兩次集群配置，可以按以下步驟操作。
(1) 生成一個新密鑰。
(2) 將新的密鑰替換掉只用于解密的老密鑰，重啟各個節點；加載配置，使所有節點都只使用新密鑰。
(3) 將兩個密鑰交換位置，新密鑰作為加解密的密鑰，之前的密鑰作為只解密的老密鑰。
可以從容的依次重啟各個節點，因為所有節點在第一次配置中已經加載了新密鑰，所以可以正常解密由新密鑰加密的票據，不會有任何時間差帶來的問題。
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