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這篇文章主要講解了“Linux中的Manual手冊分析”,文中的講解內容簡單清晰,易于學習與理解,下面請大家跟著小編的思路慢慢深入,一起來研究和學習“Linux中的Manual手冊分析”吧!
當今可能我們很多人已經不頻繁使用man命令了,取而代之的是更加友好簡單的tldr。
$ tldr du |head du Disk usage: estimate and summarize file and directory space usage. - List the sizes of a directory and any subdirectories, in the given unit (B/KB/MB): du -{{b|k|m}} {{path/to/directory}} - List the sizes of a directory and any subdirectories, in human-readable form (i.e. auto-selecting the appropriate unit for each size): du -h {{path/to/directory}}r - Show the size of a single directory, in human readable units:
然而,man命令始終是我個人的最愛。每當心情低落時候,我就會中用man命令信步由韁的做各種查詢。從中慢慢獲得秩序感,全局的掌控感,低落的心情也慢慢療愈。
man命令讓我們與計算機對話溝通,又仿佛促使我們與計算機融為一體,人機合一。
1.man的9個章節
man可能是唯一一個可以自我陳述的命令。我們先從最直覺的使用方法開始。
man man
從結果中,我們看到Manual手冊共分為9個章節(sections)。似乎有點多,我們將歸類為4個部分。
前三項是commands(shell-commands, system-calls,libraries)
接著是files(special-file,file-format)
然后是Miscellaneous, Game也放在這里
最后是System(Administation,Kernel)
2.存放地址
Linux系統中一切皆為文件,我們首先感興趣的是,這些manual手冊存放在哪里。根據前文 幫你精通Linux:透徹解析Linux的目錄樹結構 可以簡單推測,
配置文件在/etc/目錄下,具體則為/etc/manpath.config;
變量文件在/var/目錄下,具體則為/var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
/etc和/var是linux系統下的最重要的兩個目錄。
man文件本身存儲在/usr/share目錄下,/usr/share/man
如何查看特定命令的存儲位置呢?需要 -w選項(對應長選項--where)
$ man -w time /usr/share/man/man1/time.1.gz
加上選-a(對應--all)則能查到time在所有章節中的位置。
$ man -aw time /usr/share/man/man1/time.1.gz /usr/share/man/man2/time.2.gz /usr/share/man/man7/time.7.gz
從結果中看到,在man1(shell commands), man2(system calls)和man7(Miscellaneous)中都有time這個命令。
作為補充,我們也可以用-f選項查看命令所屬的sections。
$ man -f man man (7) - macros to format man pages man (1) - an interface to the on-line reference manuals $ man -f time time (7) - overview of time and timers time (1) - run programs and summarize system resource usage time (2) - get time in seconds
此處的 -f 等價于--whatis
whatis (1) - display one-line manual page descriptions
3.指定查詢章節
從 -w 選項中看到了命令的地址,便可以指定章節查詢。
whatis (1) - display one-line manual page descriptions
man 7 time
4.正則查詢
man命令最有意思的就是正則查詢,心情不好的時候,可以玩上一整天。
從正則查詢中,能夠獲得對全局的掌控感,比如查詢systemd有多少個命令:
$ man -k ^systemd |nl |tail 158 systemd.service (5) - Service unit configuration 159 systemd.slice (5) - Slice unit configuration 160 systemd.socket (5) - Socket unit configuration 161 systemd.special (7) - Special systemd units 162 systemd.swap (5) - Swap unit configuration 163 systemd.syntax (7) - General syntax of systemd configuration files 164 systemd.target (5) - Target unit configuration 165 systemd.time (7) - Time and date specifications 166 systemd.timer (5) - Timer unit configuration 167 systemd.unit (5) - Unit configuration
從結果中國馬上獲知167這個結果。
或者查詢有多少與calendar相關的命令:
$ man -k calendar |nl 1 cal (1) - displays a calendar and the date of Easter 2 calendar (1) - reminder service 3 ncal (1) - displays a calendar and the date of Easter
又或者查詢全部的ls命令:
$ man -k ^ls |nl 1 ls (1) - list directory contents 2 lsar (1) - list archive file contents 3 lsattr (1) - list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system 4 lsb_release (1) - print distribution-specific information 5 lsblk (8) - list block devices 6 lscpu (1) - display information about the CPU architecture 7 lsearch (3) - linear search of an array 8 lseek (2) - reposition read/write file offset 9 lseek64 (3) - reposition 64-bit read/write file offset 10 lsetxattr (2) - set an extended attribute value 11 lshw (1) - list hardware 12 lsinitramfs (8) - list content of an initramfs image 13 lsipc (1) - show information on IPC facilities currently employed in ... 14 lslocks (8) - list local system locks 15 lslogins (1) - display information about known users in the system 16 lsmem (1) - list the ranges of available memory with their online status 17 lsmod (8) - Show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel 18 lsns (8) - list namespaces 19 lsof (8) - list open files 20 lspci (8) - list all PCI devices 21 lspcmcia (8) - display extended PCMCIA debugging information 22 lspgpot (1) - extracts the ownertrust values from PGP keyrings and list... 23 lstat (2) - get file status 24 lstat64 (2) - get file status 25 lsusb (8) - list USB devices
5.全局掌控
文章開頭就介紹過section 2 中是system-calls命令。我們不免心生好奇,哪些是system-calls呢?
$ man -s 2 -k . |nl |tail 484 vm86old (2) - enter virtual 8086 mode 485 vmsplice (2) - splice user pages to/from a pipe 486 vserver (2) - unimplemented system calls 487 wait (2) - wait for process to change state 488 wait3 (2) - wait for process to change state, BSD style 489 wait4 (2) - wait for process to change state, BSD style 490 waitid (2) - wait for process to change state 491 waitpid (2) - wait for process to change state 492 write (2) - write to a file descriptor 493 writev (2) - read or write data into multiple buffers
由上可知,系統中共有493個system-calls。我們分析下這一行命令:
man -s 2 -k .
短選代表的是長選項--section,-k 是 keyword,等價于 apropos命令,最后的 dot 點 乃是正則表達式里的任意字符的表達方式。
于是,僅僅通過上面的簡單命令獲得對整個文檔乃至整臺計算機,整個計算機科學的全局掌控感。我們迅速掠覽一遍這9個sections。
Section 1 Shell Commands系統命令:
$ man -s 1 -k . |nl| tail -n 5 2451 zless (1) - file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text 2452 zlib_decompress (1) - decompress mysqlpump ZLIB-compressed output 2453 zmore (1) - file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text 2454 znew (1) - recompress .Z files to .gz files 2455 zsoelim (1) - satisfy .so requests in roff input
Section 2 Syetem Calls系統調用
$ man -s 2 -k . |nl| tail -n 5 489 wait4 (2) - wait for process to change state, BSD style 490 waitid (2) - wait for process to change state 491 waitpid (2) - wait for process to change state 492 write (2) - write to a file descriptor 493 writev (2) - read or write data into multiple buffers
Section 3 C LIbraries C語庫
$ man -s 3 -k . |nl| tail -n 5 1899 y1l (3) - Bessel functions of the second kind 1900 yn (3) - Bessel functions of the second kind 1901 ynf (3) - Bessel functions of the second kind 1902 ynl (3) - Bessel functions of the second kind 1903 zlib (3) - compression/decompression library
Section 4 Special Files 特殊文件
$ man -s 4 -k . |nl| tail -n 5 48 veth (4) - Virtual Ethernet Device 49 vmware (4) - VMware SVGA video driver 50 wacom (4) - Wacom input driver 51 wavelan (4) - AT&T GIS WaveLAN ISA device driver 52 zero (4) - data sink
Secion 5 File Format and conventions 文件格式及慣例
$ man -s 5 -k . |nl| tail -n 5 424 xorg.conf (5) - configuration files for Xorg X server 425 xorg.conf.d (5) - configuration files for Xorg X server 426 Xsession (5) - initialize X session 427 Xsession.options (5) - configuration options for Xsession (5) 428 Xwrapper.config (5) - Xorg X server binary wrapper
Secion 6 Games 游戲
$ man -s 6 -k . |nl| tail -n 5 1 intro (6) - introduction to games 2 kmahjongg (6) - Mahjongg game for KDE 3 kmines (6) - KDE mine sweeper game 4 kpat (6) - A highly addictive card game. 5 ksudoku (6) - KDE Sudoku games
Section 7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions)雜項
$ man -s 7 -k . |nl| tail -n 5 470 XConsortium (7) - X Consortium information 471 xkeyboard-config (7) - XKB data description files 472 XOrgFoundation (7) - X.Org Foundation information 473 Xsecurity (7) - X display access control 474 XStandards (7) - X Window System Standards and Specifications
Section 8 System administration commands (usually only for root)系統管理命令
$ man -s 8 -k . |nl| tail -n 5 890 xtables-nft-multi (8) - iptables using nftables kernel api 891 xtables-translate (8) - translation tool to migrate from iptables to nftables 892 zdump (8) - timezone dumper 893 zic (8) - timezone compiler 894 zramctl (8) - set up and control zram devices
Section 9 Kernel routines [Non standard] 內核函數
? ~ man -s 9 -k . vmxnet (9) - vmware kernel module
掌控全局還有另外一種方法,就是intro命令:
$ man -f intro intro (8) - introduction to administration and privileged commands intro (7) - introduction to overview and miscellany section intro (3) - introduction to library functions intro (4) - introduction to special files intro (1) - introduction to user commands intro (5) - introduction to file formats and filesystems intro (6) - introduction to games intro (2) - introduction to system calls
我們看到每個section都有一個intro。
比如我們查看section 2的intro:
6.游戲
man命令有良好的療愈功效,不妨來看看Kubuntu自帶的四個游戲。
$ man -s 6 -k . |nl 1 intro (6) - introduction to games 2 kmahjongg (6) - Mahjongg game for KDE 3 (6) - KDE mine sweeper game 4 kpat (6) - A highly addictive card game. 5 ksudoku (6) - KDE Sudoku games
感謝各位的閱讀,以上就是“Linux中的Manual手冊分析”的內容了,經過本文的學習后,相信大家對Linux中的Manual手冊分析這一問題有了更深刻的體會,具體使用情況還需要大家實踐驗證。這里是億速云,小編將為大家推送更多相關知識點的文章,歡迎關注!
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