您好,登錄后才能下訂單哦!
這篇文章主要介紹“怎么理解oracle索引塊分裂”,在日常操作中,相信很多人在怎么理解oracle索引塊分裂問題上存在疑惑,小編查閱了各式資料,整理出簡單好用的操作方法,希望對大家解答”怎么理解oracle索引塊分裂”的疑惑有所幫助!接下來,請跟著小編一起來學習吧!
B*tree索引是包括oracle在內的數據庫中最常見的索引結構。它是一種類似樹狀結構的索引,最底層的塊叫做葉塊(leaf block)。葉節點(leaf node)這一層實際上是一個雙向鏈表。如果是一個高度(height)為3的B*tree索引,那么葉塊上一層叫做分支塊(branch block)。最頂層叫做根塊(root block)。根塊是索引的入口。但實際上,根塊也可以看做是分支塊的一種,所以B*tree索引實際只包含兩種塊:分支塊和葉塊。分支塊用來search,葉塊用來存儲鍵值。
什么是索引塊分裂呢?
簡單來說,索引塊分裂就是當事務的增刪改操作需要去維護索引,如果索引塊沒有足夠的空間容納新數據,就要新增一個索引塊,舊的索引塊數據一分為二,將其中一部分數據搬遷到新增的索引塊上面去。這里的一分為二并不一定是平分,有可能是50-50的平分,也可能是90-10的分裂。這里足夠的空間也不一定就是指該塊的空閑空間,還有可能是ITL事務槽不夠用了。
與索引塊分裂有關的等待事件是enq: TX – index contention,同時可能會伴隨row lock waits。
索引塊分裂分為下面四種情況:
l 葉節點90-10分裂
l 葉節點50-50分裂
l 分支節點分裂
l 根節點分裂
其中,根節點分裂可以看做特殊的分支節點分裂。
當葉節點空間不夠發生分裂時,會多一個葉塊出來;葉塊持續增加,當分支塊的空間也不夠用時,分支塊也要發生分裂;當分支塊持續增加,根塊空間不夠時,根塊也要發生分裂。而根塊的分裂會使得B*tree索引的高度(height)增加。如果這種增加是不必要的(高度與索引規模不匹配),那么這會增加不必要的IO,造成索引性能衰退。這種情況是要避免的,此時可以通過重建索引來減小高度。
發生90-10分裂時,表的事務并發量較低,索引的鍵值是單調遞增的,這種情況下,只會把較大的那部分索引鍵值搬遷到新塊上,這樣新塊上空閑空間較多,滿足后續遞增檢查插入。而50-50分裂是在高并發的情況下發生的,而且對索引鍵值的操控是無序的,但是插入的值還是會比塊上的最大值要小,這樣每個分裂的塊上都會有一半的空閑空間,這樣高并發無序的維護索引的時候才會成本較低。
想象一下,如果高并發無序維護索引時,索引分裂時按照90-10的方式,那么新塊的空閑空間是足夠大了,但是舊塊上幾乎還是滿的,無法進行維護,這樣會拖累整個索引維護行為。而如果低并發有序操縱索引的行為是按照50-50的方式分裂,那么舊塊上因為鍵值的有序性不會再插入數據,會造成空間浪費,索引塊數增加造成索引效率下降,這也是不可取的。
下面模擬葉節點90-10分裂:
創建測試表:
SQL> create table tab91 (id number,name varchar2(100),created date); |
創建索引,這里指定pctfree參數為0,即在一個塊上不保留空間:
SQL> create index idx_tab91_01 on tab91(id) pctfree 0; |
這里先簡單介紹一個oralce的診斷事件:10224。該事件可以轉儲索引的分隔與刪除。用法:
開啟: ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10224 trace name context forever , level 1'; ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENTS '10224 trace name context forever , level 1'; 關閉: ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10224 trace name context off'; ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENTS '10224 trace name context off'; |
再簡單介紹一個轉儲索引結構的語句:
alter session set events ‘immediate trace name treedump level n’; n:索引的object_id select object_id from dba_objects where object_name=upper(‘idx_tab91_01’); |
低并發,正常插入數據時,維護索引的行為:
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10224 trace name context forever , level 1';
declare begin for i in 1 .. 10000 loop insert into tab91 values (i,'mingshuo',sysdate); end loop; commit; end; /
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10224 trace name context off'; |
檢查索引信息:
SQL> analyze index idx_tab91_01 validate structure; Index analyzed.
SQL> set line 200 SQL> col NAME for a20 SQL> select height,blocks,name,lf_rows,lf_blks,pct_used from index_stats;
HEIGHT BLOCKS NAME LF_ROWS LF_BLKS PCT_USED ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 2 24 IDX_TAB91_01 10000 19 94 |
可以看到葉塊的個數為19.
10224事件生成的trace文件:
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c0059b,time 03:03:15.462
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c0059b,time 03:03:15.559
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c0059b,time 03:03:15.559
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c0059f,time 03:03:15.560
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c0059f,time 03:03:15.560
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c0059f,time 03:03:15.560
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c0059c,time 03:03:15.560
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c0059c,time 03:03:15.597
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c0059c,time 03:03:15.597
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c0059c,time 03:03:15.597
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c0059d,time 03:03:15.597
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c0059d,time 03:03:15.622
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c0059e,time 03:03:15.622
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c0059e,time 03:03:15.633
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c0059e,time 03:03:15.633
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c0059e,time 03:03:15.633
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c0059d,time 03:03:15.633
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c0059d,time 03:03:15.633
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ab,time 03:03:15.633
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005ab,time 03:03:15.644
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ab,time 03:03:15.644
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ab,time 03:03:15.644
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ac,time 03:03:15.644
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005ac,time 03:03:15.654
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ac,time 03:03:15.669
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ac,time 03:03:15.669
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ad,time 03:03:15.669
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005ad,time 03:03:15.696
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ad,time 03:03:15.696
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ad,time 03:03:15.696
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ae,time 03:03:15.696
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005ae,time 03:03:15.706
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ae,time 03:03:15.706
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ae,time 03:03:15.706
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005af,time 03:03:15.706
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005af,time 03:03:15.715
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005af,time 03:03:15.715
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005af,time 03:03:15.715
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005a8,time 03:03:15.715
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005a8,time 03:03:15.727
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005a8,time 03:03:15.727
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005a8,time 03:03:15.727
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005a9,time 03:03:15.727
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005a9,time 03:03:15.738
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005a9,time 03:03:15.738
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005a9,time 03:03:15.738
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005aa,time 03:03:15.738
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005aa,time 03:03:15.747
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005aa,time 03:03:15.747
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005aa,time 03:03:15.747
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005c6,time 03:03:15.747
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005c6,time 03:03:15.757
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005c6,time 03:03:15.757
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005c6,time 03:03:15.757
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005c7,time 03:03:15.757
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005c7,time 03:03:15.768
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005c7,time 03:03:15.768
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005c7,time 03:03:15.768
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005c1,time 03:03:15.768
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005c1,time 03:03:15.778
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005c1,time 03:03:15.778
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005c1,time 03:03:15.778
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005c2,time 03:03:15.778
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005c2,time 03:03:15.789
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005c3,time 03:03:15.789
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005c3,time 03:03:15.799
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005c3,time 03:03:15.799
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005c3,time 03:03:15.799
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005c4,time 03:03:15.799
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005c4,time 03:03:15.807
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005c4,time 03:03:15.807
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005c4,time 03:03:15.807
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005c5,time 03:03:15.807
查詢:
SQL> select s.SID, n.NAME, s.VALUE 2 from v$sesstat s, v$statname n 3 where s.STATISTIC# = n.STATISTIC# 4 and sid in (select userenv('SID') from dual) 5 and n.NAME like '%split%';
SID NAME VALUE ---------- ------------------------------ ---------- 1 leaf node splits 19 1 leaf node 90-10 splits 18 1 branch node splits 0 1 root node splits 0 1 queue splits 0 |
可以看到發生了18次葉節點90-10分裂,所以葉塊正好是19個。
轉儲索引結構:
SQL> select object_id from dba_objects where object_name=upper('idx_tab91_01') and owner='SCOTT';
OBJECT_ID ---------- 77956 SQL> alter session set events 'immediate trace name treedump level 77956'; |
Dump信息:
----- begin tree dump
branch: 0x1c0059b 29361563 (0: nrow: 19, level: 1)
leaf: 0x1c0059f 29361567 (-1: nrow: 540 rrow: 540)
leaf: 0x1c0059c 29361564 (0: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c0059d 29361565 (1: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c0059e 29361566 (2: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005ab 29361579 (3: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005ac 29361580 (4: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005ad 29361581 (5: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005ae 29361582 (6: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005af 29361583 (7: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005a8 29361576 (8: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005a9 29361577 (9: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005aa 29361578 (10: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005c6 29361606 (11: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005c7 29361607 (12: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005c1 29361601 (13: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005c2 29361602 (14: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005c3 29361603 (15: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005c4 29361604 (16: nrow: 533 rrow: 533)
leaf: 0x1c005c5 29361605 (17: nrow: 399 rrow: 399)
----- end tree dump
因為之前設置的pctfree為0,所以一個葉塊可認為能夠存儲533行左右。
下面模擬葉節點50-50分裂:
創建測試表:
SQL> create table tab55 (id number,name varchar2(100),created date); |
創建索引,這里指定pctfree參數為0,即在一個塊上不保留空間:
SQL> create index idx_tab55_01 on tab55(id) pctfree 0; |
倒序插入數據時,維護索引的行為:
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10224 trace name context forever , level 1';
declare begin for i in 1 .. 10000 loop insert into tab55 values (10001-i,'mingshuo',sysdate); end loop; commit; end; /
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10224 trace name context off'; |
檢查索引信息:
SQL> analyze index idx_tab55_01 validate structure; Index analyzed.
SQL> set line 200 SQL> col NAME for a20 SQL> select height,blocks,name,lf_rows,lf_blks,pct_used from index_stats;
HEIGHT BLOCKS NAME LF_ROWS LF_BLKS PCT_USED ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 2 48 IDX_TAB55_01 10000 38 49 |
可以看到葉塊的個數為38.
10224事件生成的trace文件:
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e3,time 03:36:47.553
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005e3,time 03:36:47.701
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005e3,time 03:36:47.701
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.703
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.703
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.703
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005e4,time 03:36:47.703
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.723
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005e4,time 03:36:47.723
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005e4,time 03:36:47.723
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005e5,time 03:36:47.723
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.734
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005e6,time 03:36:47.734
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.744
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005e6,time 03:36:47.745
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005e6,time 03:36:47.745
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005e5,time 03:36:47.745
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005e5,time 03:36:47.745
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ef,time 03:36:47.746
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.757
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ef,time 03:36:47.757
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ef,time 03:36:47.757
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005e8,time 03:36:47.757
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.766
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005e8,time 03:36:47.766
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005e8,time 03:36:47.766
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005e9,time 03:36:47.766
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.774
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ec,time 03:36:47.784
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.789
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ec,time 03:36:47.790
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ec,time 03:36:47.790
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ed,time 03:36:47.790
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.796
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ed,time 03:36:47.796
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ed,time 03:36:47.796
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ee,time 03:36:47.796
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.801
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ee,time 03:36:47.801
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ee,time 03:36:47.802
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005e9,time 03:36:47.802
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005e9,time 03:36:47.802
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ea,time 03:36:47.802
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.806
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005eb,time 03:36:47.806
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.813
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005eb,time 03:36:47.813
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005eb,time 03:36:47.813
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ea,time 03:36:47.813
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ea,time 03:36:47.813
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005fc,time 03:36:47.814
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.819
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005fc,time 03:36:47.819
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005fc,time 03:36:47.819
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005fd,time 03:36:47.819
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.903
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005fd,time 03:36:47.903
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005fd,time 03:36:47.903
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005fe,time 03:36:47.903
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.908
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.909
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005fe,time 03:36:47.909
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005fe,time 03:36:47.909
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005ff,time 03:36:47.909
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.914
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005ff,time 03:36:47.914
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005ff,time 03:36:47.914
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005f9,time 03:36:47.914
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.920
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005f9,time 03:36:47.920
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005f9,time 03:36:47.920
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005fa,time 03:36:47.920
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.926
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x01c005fb,time 03:36:47.926
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.932
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005fb,time 03:36:47.932
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005fb,time 03:36:47.932
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x01c005fa,time 03:36:47.932
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x01c005fa,time 03:36:47.932
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300008f,time 03:36:47.932
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.938
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300008f,time 03:36:47.938
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300008f,time 03:36:47.938
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x03000088,time 03:36:47.938
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.943
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x03000088,time 03:36:47.943
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x03000088,time 03:36:47.943
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x03000089,time 03:36:47.943
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.948
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300008c,time 03:36:47.949
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.954
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300008c,time 03:36:47.954
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300008c,time 03:36:47.954
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300008d,time 03:36:47.954
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.960
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300008d,time 03:36:47.960
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300008d,time 03:36:47.960
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300008e,time 03:36:47.960
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.965
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300008e,time 03:36:47.965
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300008e,time 03:36:47.965
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x03000089,time 03:36:47.965
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x03000089,time 03:36:47.965
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300008a,time 03:36:47.965
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.972
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300008b,time 03:36:47.973
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.981
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300008b,time 03:36:47.981
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300008b,time 03:36:47.981
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300008a,time 03:36:47.981
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300008a,time 03:36:47.981
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300009c,time 03:36:47.982
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.987
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300009c,time 03:36:47.987
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300009c,time 03:36:47.987
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300009d,time 03:36:47.987
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.993
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300009d,time 03:36:47.993
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300009d,time 03:36:47.993
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300009e,time 03:36:47.993
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:47.999
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300009e,time 03:36:47.999
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300009e,time 03:36:47.999
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300009f,time 03:36:47.999
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:48.06
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300009f,time 03:36:48.06
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300009f,time 03:36:48.06
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x03000099,time 03:36:48.06
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:48.13
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x03000099,time 03:36:48.13
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x03000099,time 03:36:48.13
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300009a,time 03:36:48.13
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:48.20
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x0300009b,time 03:36:48.20
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:48.25
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300009b,time 03:36:48.25
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300009b,time 03:36:48.25
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x0300009a,time 03:36:48.25
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x0300009a,time 03:36:48.25
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x030000af,time 03:36:48.26
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:48.31
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x030000af,time 03:36:48.31
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x030000af,time 03:36:48.31
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x030000a8,time 03:36:48.31
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:48.36
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk reject block -mark full,dba 0x030000a8,time 03:36:48.36
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk rejecting block ,dba 0x030000a8,time 03:36:48.36
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x030000a9,time 03:36:48.36
splitting leaf,dba 0x01c005e7,time 03:36:48.43
kdisnew_bseg_srch_cbk using block,dba 0x030000ac,time 03:36:48.43
查詢:
SQL> select s.SID, n.NAME, s.VALUE 2 from v$sesstat s, v$statname n 3 where s.STATISTIC# = n.STATISTIC# 4 and sid in (select sid from v$mystat) 5 and n.NAME like '%split%' 6 ;
SID NAME VALUE ---------- ------------------------------ ---------- 35 leaf node splits 37 35 leaf node 90-10 splits 0 35 branch node splits 0 35 root node splits 0 35 queue splits 0 |
可以看到發生了37次葉節點50-50分裂,所以葉塊正好是38個。
轉儲索引結構:
SQL> select object_id from dba_objects where object_name=upper('idx_tab55_01') and owner='SCOTT'; OBJECT_ID ---------- 77958 SQL> alter session set events 'immediate trace name treedump level 77958'; |
Dump信息:
----- begin tree dump
branch: 0x1c005e3 29361635 (0: nrow: 38, level: 1)
leaf: 0x1c005e7 29361639 (-1: nrow: 289 rrow: 289)
leaf: 0x30000ac 50331820 (0: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x30000a9 50331817 (1: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x30000a8 50331816 (2: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x30000af 50331823 (3: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300009b 50331803 (4: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300009a 50331802 (5: nrow: 266 rrow: 266)
leaf: 0x3000099 50331801 (6: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300009f 50331807 (7: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300009e 50331806 (8: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300009d 50331805 (9: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300009c 50331804 (10: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300008b 50331787 (11: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300008a 50331786 (12: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300008e 50331790 (13: nrow: 266 rrow: 266)
leaf: 0x300008d 50331789 (14: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300008c 50331788 (15: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x3000089 50331785 (16: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x3000088 50331784 (17: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x300008f 50331791 (18: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005fb 29361659 (19: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005fa 29361658 (20: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005f9 29361657 (21: nrow: 266 rrow: 266)
leaf: 0x1c005ff 29361663 (22: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005fe 29361662 (23: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005fd 29361661 (24: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005fc 29361660 (25: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005eb 29361643 (26: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005ea 29361642 (27: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005ee 29361646 (28: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005ed 29361645 (29: nrow: 267 rrow: 267)
leaf: 0x1c005ec 29361644 (30: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005e9 29361641 (31: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005e8 29361640 (32: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005ef 29361647 (33: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005e6 29361638 (34: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005e5 29361637 (35: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
leaf: 0x1c005e4 29361636 (36: nrow: 262 rrow: 262)
----- end tree dump
可以看到一個50%的索引塊大概存儲262行左右數據。
現在對比一下兩個索引:
索引名稱 | 塊的個數 | 葉塊的個數 | 索引大小/M |
idx_tab91_01 | 24 | 19 | 192 |
idx_tab55_01 | 48 | 38 | 384 |
解決措施:
l重建索引,哈希分區索引或者建反向鍵索引(reverse key index)。
重建索引可以降低索引樹的高度,反向鍵索引可以杜絕插入操作導致的索引熱塊競爭,但是有利就有弊,反向鍵索引會影響索引范圍掃描的效率。
哈希分區索引的思路與反向鍵索引是一致的,都是分散索引熱塊。在一些OLTP的環境中,存在單調遞增的某些列,在插入這些列的時候,只會向索引塊的右側插入,這時因為一些索引頁,buffer,latch等爭用以及一些附加的索引維護活動,索引右側反而變成了hotspot。哈希分區索引打散索引塊,避免了上述情況下的性能衰退。
l更改序列cache值
有一下單調遞增的列值是用序列值填充的。設置大的cache值,不同的實例會采用不同范圍的(noorder)序列值,這樣不同實例插入數據的時候插入到同一個塊上的概率就會小的多了。避免了熱塊的出現。用物理上的極限思想來考慮一下,如果cache小到1,那么實例1插入1和實例2插入2大概率在同一個塊上。如果cache值為1億,那么實例1插入1億1和實例2插入1億2不大坑在一個塊上。
l大量數據刪除之后rebuild或者shrink索引
l增加索引的PCT_FREE值
高的PCT_FREE值能夠防止ITL槽不夠用。這個參數主要對update的系統有用。
到此,關于“怎么理解oracle索引塊分裂”的學習就結束了,希望能夠解決大家的疑惑。理論與實踐的搭配能更好的幫助大家學習,快去試試吧!若想繼續學習更多相關知識,請繼續關注億速云網站,小編會繼續努力為大家帶來更多實用的文章!
免責聲明:本站發布的內容(圖片、視頻和文字)以原創、轉載和分享為主,文章觀點不代表本網站立場,如果涉及侵權請聯系站長郵箱:is@yisu.com進行舉報,并提供相關證據,一經查實,將立刻刪除涉嫌侵權內容。