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本篇文章給大家分享的是有關MySQL中如何實現多表查詢操作,小編覺得挺實用的,因此分享給大家學習,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后可以有所收獲,話不多說,跟著小編一起來看看吧。
create table department( id int, name varchar(20) ); create table employee( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', age int, dep_id int );
#插入數據 insert into department values (200,'技術'), (201,'人力資源'), (202,'銷售'), (203,'運營'); insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values ('egon','male',18,200), ('alex','female',48,201), ('wupeiqi','male',38,201), ('yuanhao','female',28,202), ('nvshen','male',18,200), ('xiaomage','female',18,204) ;
# 查看表結構和數據 mysql> desc department; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.19 sec)
mysql> desc employee; +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from department; +------+--------------+ | id | name | +------+--------------+ | 200 | 技術 | | 201 | 人力資源 | | 202 | 銷售 | | 203 | 運營 | +------+--------------+ 4 rows in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from employee; +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ps:觀察兩張表,發現department表中id=203部門在employee中沒有對應的員工,發現employee中id=6的員工在department表中沒有對應關系。
一多表鏈接查詢
SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
(1)先看第一種情況交叉連接:不適用任何匹配條件。生成笛卡爾積.--->重復最多
mysql> select * from employee,department; +----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 銷售 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 運營 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技術 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 銷售 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 運營 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技術 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 銷售 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 運營 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技術 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 銷售 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 運營 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 銷售 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 運營 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技術 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 銷售 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 運營 |
(2)內連接:只連接匹配的行,以雙方為基準
#找兩張表共有的部分,相當于利用條件從笛卡爾積結果中篩選出了匹配的結果 #department沒有204這個部門,因而employee表中關于204這條員工信息沒有匹配出來 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ | id | name | age | sex | name | +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技術 | | 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 銷售 | | 5 | nvshen | 18 | male | 技術 | +----+---------+------+--------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#上述sql等同于 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
(3)外鏈接之左連接:優先顯示左表全部記錄
#以左表為準,即找出所有員工信息,當然包括沒有部門的員工 #本質就是:在內連接的基礎上增加左邊有,右邊沒有的結果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+----------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +----+----------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技術 | | 5 | nvshen | 技術 | | 2 | alex | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 銷售 | | 6 | xiaomage | NULL | +----+----------+--------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(4) 外鏈接之右連接:優先顯示右表全部記錄
#以右表為準,即找出所有部門信息,包括沒有員工的部門 #本質就是:在內連接的基礎上增加右邊有,左邊沒有的結果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +------+---------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +------+---------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技術 | | 2 | alex | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 銷售 | | 5 | nvshen | 技術 | | NULL | NULL | 運營 | +------+---------+--------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(5) 全外連接:顯示左右兩個表全部記錄(了解)
#外連接:在內連接的基礎上增加左邊有右邊沒有的和右邊有左邊沒有的結果
#注意:mysql不支持全外連接 full JOIN
#強調:mysql可以使用此種方式間接實現全外連接語法:select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union all
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ; +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 銷售 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 運營 | +------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ 7 rows in set (0.01 sec) #注意 union與union all的區別:union會去掉相同的紀錄
二、符合條件連接查詢
以內連接的方式查詢employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必須大于25,即找出年齡大于25歲的員工以及員工所在的部門
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where age > 25;
三、子查詢
#1:子查詢是將一個查詢語句嵌套在另一個查詢語句中。
#2:內層查詢語句的查詢結果,可以為外層查詢語句提供查詢條件。
#3:子查詢中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等關鍵字
#4:還可以包含比較運算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
(1)帶in關鍵字的子查詢
#查詢平均年齡在25歲以上的部門名 select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); # 查看技術部員工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技術'); #查看不足1人的部門名 select name from department where id not in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id);
(2)帶比較運算符的子查詢
#比較運算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<> #查詢大于所有人平均年齡的員工名與年齡 mysql> select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee); +---------+------+ | name | age | +---------+------+ | alex | 48 | | wupeiqi | 38 | +---------+------+ #查詢大于部門內平均年齡的員工名、年齡
思路:
(1)先對員工表(employee)中的人員分組(group by),查詢出dep_id以及平均年齡。
(2)將查出的結果作為臨時表,再對根據臨時表的dep_id和employee的dep_id作為篩選條件將employee表和臨時表進行內連接。
(3)最后再將employee員工的年齡是大于平均年齡的員工名字和年齡篩選。
mysql> select t1.name,t1.age from employee as t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age; +------+------+ | name | age | +------+------+ | alex | 48 |
(3)帶EXISTS關鍵字的子查詢
#EXISTS關字鍵字表示存在。在使用EXISTS關鍵字時,內層查詢語句不返回查詢的記錄。而是返回一個真假值。True或False #當返回True時,外層查詢語句將進行查詢;當返回值為False時,外層查詢語句不進行查詢 #department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=200); +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | nvshen | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | xiaomage | female | 18 | 204 | +----+----------+--------+------+--------+ #department表中存在dept_id=205,False mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=204); Empty set (0.00 sec)
以上就是MySQL中如何實現多表查詢操作,小編相信有部分知識點可能是我們日常工作會見到或用到的。希望你能通過這篇文章學到更多知識。更多詳情敬請關注億速云行業資訊頻道。
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