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數據備份的重要性
實操
創建數據庫、表、插入數據
mysqldump命令對單個庫進行完全備份
添加多個數據庫
[root@localhost mysql]# mysqldump -u root -p school > /opt/school.sql
Enter password:
[root@localhost mysql]# ls /opt/
dir_SC_UTF8 mysql-5.7.20 php-7.1.10 school.sql
mysql-2020-01-07.tar.xz nginx-1.12.2 rh 說明.htm
[root@localhost mysql]# cd /opt
[root@localhost opt]# ls school.sql
school.sql
[root@localhost opt]# vim school.sql
[root@localhost opt]#
mysqldump命令對多個庫進行完全備份
[root@localhost opt]# mysqldump -uroot -p12341234 school info > /opt/school_info.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost opt]# ls /opt/school_info.sql
/opt/school_info.sql
[root@localhost opt]# vim /opt/school_info.sql
基于表結構的備份
[root@localhost opt]# mysqldump -uroot -p12341234 -d school info > /opt/school_infod.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost opt]# vim /opt/school_infod.sql
恢復數據庫
使用musqldump命令導出的SQL備份腳本,在進行數據恢復時可使用以下方法導入
mysql [(none)] > source /backup/all-data.sql
示例:
備注:備份sql腳本的路徑寫絕對路徑
恢復數據庫,是恢復數據庫里面的表,如果此時數據庫也被刪除,需要創建一個同名的數據庫————仔細查看school.sql腳本,可以發現沒有school數據庫的操作
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| bbs |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use school;
Database changed
mysql> drop table info;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> source /opt/school.sql
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
......
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
使用mysql命令恢復數據
mysql -u -p [密碼] < 庫備份腳本的路徑
mysql> drop table info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost opt]#
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p12341234 school < /opt/school.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+-------+-------+
| 1 | stu01 | 88.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql 命令恢復舉例
恢復表的操作
mysql -u 用戶名 -p [密碼] < 表備份腳本的路徑
mysql -u -p mysql < /backup/mysql-user.sql
mysql備份思路:
定期實施備份,制定備份計劃或者策略,并嚴格遵守
除了進行完全備份,開啟mysql服務器的日志功能是很重要的
完全備份加上日志,可以對mysql進行最大化還原
使用統一的和易理解的備份文件名稱
不要使用backup1/2這樣沒有意義的名字
推薦使用庫名或者表名加上時間的命名規則
備份文件名使用時間+業務名+庫名
要開啟服務器的日志功能
mysql增量備份
誕生增量備份的原因
解決使用mysqldump進行完全備份時的存在的問題
mysqlbinlog [–no-defaults] 增量備份文件 | mysql -u 用戶名 -p
基于位置恢復
就是將某個起始時間的二進制日志導入到數據庫中,從而跳過某個發生錯誤的時間點實現數據的恢復
命令:
#恢復數據到指定位置
mysqlbinlog --stop-position=‘操作 id’ 二進制日志 | mysql -u 用戶名 -p 密碼
#從指定的位置開始恢復數據
mysqlbinlog --start-position=‘操作 id’ 二進制日志 | mysql -u 用戶名 -p 密碼
基于時間點恢復
使用基于時間點的恢復,可能會出現在一個時間點里既同時存在正確的操作又存在錯誤的操作,所以我們需要一種更為精確的恢復方式
針對過程中的誤操作備份,如何跳過誤操作的方式————可以進行斷點恢復
語法:
#從日志開頭截止到某個時間點的恢復
mysqlbinlog [–no-defaults] --stop-datetime=‘年-月-日 小時:分鐘:秒’ 二進制日志 | mysql -u 用戶名 -p 密碼
#從某個時間點到日志結尾的恢復
mysqlbinlog [–no-defaults] --start-datetime=‘年-月-日 小時:分鐘:秒’ 二進制日志 | mysql -u 用戶名 -p 密碼
#從某個時間點到某個時間點的恢復
mysqlbinlog [–no-defaults] --start-datetime=‘年-月-日 小時:分鐘:秒’ --stop-datetime=‘年-月-日 小時:分鐘:秒’ 二進制日志 | mysql -u 用戶名 -p 密碼
實操
[root@localhost opt]# ls
all.sql mysql-5.7.20 school_infod.sql
db_school_mysql.sql nginx-1.12.2 school_info.sql
dir_SC_UTF8 php-7.1.10 school.sql
mysql-2020-01-07.tar.xz rh 說明.htm
[root@localhost opt]# rm -rf *.sql
[root@localhost opt]# ls
dir_SC_UTF8 mysql-5.7.20 php-7.1.10 說明.htm
mysql-2020-01-07.tar.xz nginx-1.12.2 rh
開啟二進制日志功能,修改/etc/my.cnf文件,然后重啟服務
[client]
port = 3306
default-character-set=utf8
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
[mysql]
port = 3306
default-character-set=utf8
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
user = mysql
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data
port = 3306
character_set_server=utf8
pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/mysqld.pid
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
'log-bin=mysql-bin
server-id = 1
default-storage-engine=Myisam
sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,PIPES_AS_CONCAT,ANSI_QUOTES
[root@localhost opt]# systemctl restart mysqld
查看二進制日志文件
[root@localhost opt]# cd /usr/local/mysql/
[root@localhost mysql]# cd data/
[root@localhost data]# ls
auto.cnf ibdata1 ibtmp1 mysql-bin.index sys
bbs ib_logfile0 mysql performance_schema
ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 'mysql-bin.000001' school
[root@localhost data]#
做增量備份前,要先進行一次完全備份
[root@localhost data]# mysqldump -uroot -p12341234 school > /opt/school.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost data]# cd /opt
[root@localhost opt]# ls
dir_SC_UTF8 mysql-5.7.20 php-7.1.10 school.sql
mysql-2020-01-07.tar.xz nginx-1.12.2 rh 說明.htm
[root@localhost opt]# vim school.sql
接下來做增量備份,此時,之前的操作被存放到001當中,接下來的操作會被存放到002當中
[root@localhost opt]# mysqladmin -uroot -p12341234 flush-logs
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost opt]# ls /usr/local/mysql/data/
auto.cnf ibdata1 ibtmp1 mysql-bin.000002 school
bbs ib_logfile0 mysql mysql-bin.index sys
ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000001 performance_schema
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+-------+-------+
| 1 | stu01 | 88.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into info (name,score) values ('test01',66);
//這個是正常操作
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+--------+-------+
| 1 | stu01 | 88.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
| 3 | test01 | 66.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from info where name='stu01';
//誤操作
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into info (name,score) values ('test02',99);
//正常操作
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+--------+-------+
| 4 | test02 | 99.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
| 3 | test01 | 66.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
此時在不知情的情況下,進行增量備份,此時誤操作寫在了002中
[root@localhost opt]# mysqladmin -uroot -p12341234 flush-logs
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost opt]# cd /usr/local/mysql/data/
[root@localhost data]# ls
auto.cnf ib_logfile0 mysql-bin.000001 performance_schema
bbs ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000002 school
ib_buffer_pool ibtmp1 mysql-bin.000003 sys
ibdata1 mysql mysql-bin.index
查看日志文件:-v 顯示內容在界面,–base64解碼器 output輸出 decode-rows 讀取按行讀取
[root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults mysql-bin.000002
//查看二進制日志文件,不過可以發現看不懂
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
DELIMITER /*!*/;
# at 4
//這個是位置點
#200107 16:54:11 server id 1 end_log_pos 123 CRC32 0x76a9dc26 Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.7.20-log created 200107 16:54:11
//這個是時間點
BINLOG '
M0cUXg8BAAAAdwAAAHsAAAAAAAQANS43LjIwLWxvZwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEzgNAAgAEgAEBAQEEgAAXwAEGggAAAAICAgCAAAACgoKKioAEjQA
//像這樣的就是被加密的命令
[root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v mysql-bin.000002 > /opt/back.txt
//-v 顯示內容在界面,--base64解碼器 output輸出 decode-rows 讀取按行讀取
[root@localhost data]# cd /opt
[root@localhost opt]# vim back.txt
//下面的截圖就是bak.txt中的數據信息
錯誤操作截圖
200107 16:57:56 --stop-datetime /指從這個日志文件開始,執行到這個時間點時就停止
200107 16:58:46 --start-datetime /指這個日志文件中,從這個時間點開始向后面執行
先完全備份恢復,source /opt/school.sql
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p12341234
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> drop table info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'school.info' doesn't exist
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> source /opt/school.sql;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
。。。。。。
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+-------+-------+
| 1 | stu01 | 88.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
然后再增量恢復,即時間上的斷點恢復
[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-datetime='2020-01-07 16:57:56' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p12341234
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 9
Server version: 5.7.20-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+--------+-------+
| 1 | stu01 | 88.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
| 3 | test01 | 66.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-datetime='2020-01-07 16:58:46' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p12341234
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 11
Server version: 5.7.20-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+--------+-------+
| 1 | stu01 | 88.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
| 3 | test01 | 66.0 |
| 4 | test02 | 99.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//誤操作刪除的stu01 沒有被刪掉
mysql>
基于位置的恢復
錯誤操作的日志文件
[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-postion='612' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p
mysqlbinlog: [ERROR] unknown variable 'stop-postion=612'
Enter password:
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-position='612' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p12341234
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 14
Server version: 5.7.20-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+--------+-------+
| 1 | stu01 | 88.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
| 3 | test01 | 66.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-position='716' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p12341234mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 16
Server version: 5.7.20-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+--------+-------+
| 1 | stu01 | 88.0 |
| 2 | stu02 | 77.0 |
| 4 | test02 | 99.0 |
| 3 | test01 | 66.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc info;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| score | decimal(4,1) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p
//這個是增量恢復,將日志文件內的所有操作全部執行
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