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下文給大家帶來Nginx負載均衡的實現原理和動靜分離的分析介紹,希望能夠給大家在實際運用中帶來一定的幫助,負載均衡涉及的東西比較多,理論也不多,網上有很多書籍,今天我們就用億速云在行業內累計的經驗來做一個解答。
Nginx應用
目前很多大型網站都應用Nginx服務器作為后端網站程序的反向代理及負載均衡器,提升整個站點的負載并發能力
配置后端服務器池,以提供響應數據
配置將訪問請求轉發給后端服務器池的服務器處理
服務端接收來自客戶端的請求中,既有靜態資源也有動態資源
Nginx服務器:192.168.52.135
Tomcat服務器1:192.168.52.134
Tomcat服務器2:192.168.52.150
[root@tomcat1 ~]# mkdir /mnt/tools //創建掛載目錄
[root@tomcat1 ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.100.100/tools /mnt/tools/ //掛載共享工具包
Password for root@//192.168.100.100/tools:
[root@tomcat1 ~]# cd /mnt/tools/tomcat/ //切換到掛載目錄
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# ls
12D18CFCD6599AFF0445766ACC4CA231C5025773.torrent apache-jmeter-5.1.zip jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm
apache-jmeter-5.1 apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz tomcat優化壓測.jmx
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]#
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# rpm -ivh jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm //直接安裝rpm包
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# cd /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64/ //切換目錄
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# vim /etc/profile //修改系統環境變量文件
##文件末尾添加環境變量
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# source /etc/profile //重新加載配置文件
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# java -version //查看版本
java version "1.8.0_201"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_201-b09)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.201-b09, mixed mode)
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]#
[root@tomcat1 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# cd /mnt/tools/tomcat/ //切換到掛載目錄
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# tar zxf apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz -C /opt/ //解壓到“/opt/”目錄
[root@tomcat1 tomcat]# mv /opt/apache-tomcat-9.0.16/ /usr/local/tomcat9 //移動到“/usr/local/”目錄并重命名
[root@tomcat1 bin]# ln -s /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/startup.sh /usr/bin/ //建立啟動腳本軟鏈接
[root@tomcat1 bin]# ln -s /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/shutdown.sh /usr/bin/ //建立關閉腳本軟鏈接
[root@tomcat1 bin]#
[root@tomcat1 bin]# startup.sh //開啟Tomcat服務
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@tomcat1 bin]#
[root@tomcat1 bin]# netstat -ntap | grep 8080 //查看端口
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 19488/java
[root@tomcat1 bin]#
[root@tomcat1 bin]# systemctl stop firewalld.service //關閉防火墻
[root@tomcat1 bin]# setenforce 0 //關閉增強性安全功能
[root@tomcat1 bin]#
[root@tomcat1 bin]# mkdir -pv /web/webapp1 //創建站點目錄
mkdir: 已創建目錄 "/web"
mkdir: 已創建目錄 "/web/webapp1"
[root@tomcat1 bin]# vim /web/webapp1/index.jsp //添加首頁文件
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSP test1 page</title>
</head>
<body>
<% out.println("Welcome to test site,http://www.test1.com");%>
</body>
</html>
[root@tomcat1 bin]# cd ../conf/ //切換目錄
[root@tomcat1 conf]# vim server.xml //修改配置文件
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
##在Host標簽里,添加下面內容
<Context docBase="/web/webapp1" path="" reloadable="false">
</Context>
[root@tomcat1 conf]# shutdown.sh //關閉服務
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
[root@tomcat1 conf]# startup.sh //開啟服務
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@tomcat1 conf]#
[root@tomcat2 ~]# mkdir /mnt/tools //創建掛載目錄
[root@tomcat2 ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.100.100/tools /mnt/tools/ //掛載共享工具包
Password for root@//192.168.100.100/tools:
[root@tomcat2 ~]# cd /mnt/tools/tomcat/ //切換到掛載目錄
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# rpm -ivh jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm //直接安裝rpm包
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# cd /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64/ //切換目錄
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# vim /etc/profile //修改系統環境變量文件
##文件末尾添加環境變量
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# source /etc/profile //重新加載配置文件
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# java -version //查看版本
java version "1.8.0_201"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_201-b09)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.201-b09, mixed mode)
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]#
[root@tomcat2 jdk1.8.0_201-amd64]# cd /mnt/tools/tomcat/ //切換到掛載目錄
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# tar zxf apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz -C /opt/ //解壓到“/opt/”目錄
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# mv /opt/apache-tomcat-9.0.16/ /usr/local/tomcat9 //移動到“/usr/local/”目錄并重命名
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# ln -s /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/startup.sh /usr/bin/ //建立啟動腳本軟鏈接
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# ln -s /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/shutdown.sh /usr/bin/ //建立關閉腳本軟鏈接
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# startup.sh //開啟服務
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# netstat -ntap | grep 8080 //查看端口
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 52941/java
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]#
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# systemctl stop firewalld.service //關閉防火墻
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# setenforce 0 //關閉增強性安全功能
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]#
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# mkdir -pv /web/webapp1 //創建站點目錄
mkdir: 已創建目錄 "/web"
mkdir: 已創建目錄 "/web/webapp1"
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# vim /web/webapp1/index.jsp //添加首頁文件
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSP test1 page</title>
</head>
<body>
<% out.println("Welcome to test site,http://www.test2.com");%>
</body>
</html>
[root@tomcat2 tomcat]# cd /usr/local/tomcat9/conf/ //切換目錄
[root@tomcat2 conf]# vim server.xml //修改配置文件
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
##在Host標簽里,添加下面內容
<Context docBase="/web/webapp1" path="" reloadable="false">
</Context>
[root@tomcat2 conf]# shutdown.sh //關閉服務
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
[root@tomcat2 conf]# startup.sh //開啟服務
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat9
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat9/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat9/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat9/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[root@tomcat2 conf]#
[root@nginx ~]# yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++
............//省略過程
[root@nginx ~]#
[root@nginx ~]# mkdir /mnt/tools //創建掛載目錄
[root@nginx ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.100.100/tools /mnt/tools/ //掛載共享目錄
Password for root@//192.168.100.100/tools:
[root@nginx ~]# cd /mnt/tools/LNMP/ //切換到掛載目錄
[root@nginx LNMP]# ls
Discuz_X3.4_SC_UTF8.zip nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz php-7.1.20.tar.gz
mysql-boost-5.7.20.tar.gz php-7.1.10.tar.bz2
[root@nginx LNMP]# tar zxf nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz -C /opt/ //解壓源碼包
[root@nginx LNMP]# cd /opt/
[root@nginx opt]# ls
nginx-1.12.2 rh
[root@nginx opt]#
[root@nginx opt]# cd nginx-1.12.2/ //切換目錄
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx //創建用戶nginx
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# ./configure \ //配置nginx服務
> --prefix=/usr/local/nginx \ //安裝路徑
> --user=nginx \ //屬主
> --group=nginx \ //屬組
> --with-file-aio \ //啟用file aio支持(一種APL文件傳輸格式)
> --with-http_stub_status_module \ //獲取nginx自上次啟動以來的工作狀態
> --with-http_gzip_static_module \ //在線實時壓縮輸出數據流
> --with-http_flv_module \ //為Flash Video(FLV)文件 提供服務端偽流媒體支持
> --with-http_ssl_module //為HTTPS提供了必要的支持
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# make && make install
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/ //為nginx命令建立軟鏈接,方便系統識別
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]#
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# vim /etc/init.d/nginx //添加管理腳本
#!/bin/bash
# chkconfig: - 99 20
# description: Nginx Service Control Script
PROG="/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
PIDF="/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
case "$1" in
start)
$PROG
;;
stop)
kill -s QUIT $(cat $PIDF)
;;
restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
reload)
kill -s HUP $(cat $PIDF)
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload}"
exit 1
esac
exit 0
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx //給腳本添加執行權限
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# chkconfig --add nginx //添加讓service工具能夠識別
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]#
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# service nginx start //開啟服務
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# service nginx stop //關閉服務
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]#
[root@nginx nginx-1.12.2]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/ //切換目錄
[root@nginx conf]# ls
fastcgi.conf fastcgi_params.default mime.types nginx.conf.default uwsgi_params
fastcgi.conf.default koi-utf mime.types.default scgi_params uwsgi_params.default
fastcgi_params koi-win nginx.conf scgi_params.default win-utf
[root@nginx conf]# vim nginx.conf //修改配置文件
upstream tomcat-server { ##添加tomcat服務器
server 192.168.52.134:8080 weight=1;
server 192.168.52.150:8080 weight=1;
}
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
proxy_pass http://tomcat-server; ##添加代理
}
[root@nginx conf]# nginx -t //檢查配置文件格式
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@nginx conf]#
[root@nginx conf]# service nginx start //開啟服務
[root@nginx conf]# netstat -ntap | grep nginx //查看端口
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 41747/nginx: master
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl stop firewalld.service 關閉防火墻
[root@nginx conf]# setenforce 0 //關閉增強性安全功能
[root@nginx conf]#
(生產環境下,兩個頁面需要相同,這是為了方便演示故意設置不同)
[root@nginx conf]# vim nginx.conf //修改配置文件
##不用修改
upstream tomcat-server {
server 192.168.52.134:8080 weight=1;
server 192.168.52.150:8080 weight=1;
}
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
# proxy_pass http://tomcat-server; ##注釋
}
##添加以下內容
location ~.*.jsp$ {
proxy_pass http://tomcat-server;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
location ~.*.\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|css)$ {
root html;
expires 30d;
}
[root@nginx conf]# vim ../html/index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"> //支持中文字符集
<title>靜態頁面</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>靜態頁面</h3>
<p>這是靜態頁面</p>
</body>
</html>
[root@nginx conf]# service nginx stop
[root@nginx conf]# service nginx start
[root@nginx conf]#
[root@tomcat1 ~]# cd /usr/local/tomcat9/webapps/ //切換目錄
[root@tomcat1 webapps]# ls
docs examples host-manager manager ROOT
[root@tomcat1 webapps]# mkdir test //創建站點目錄
[root@tomcat1 webapps]# cd test/
[root@tomcat1 test]# vim index.jsp //添加首頁文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.Date" %>
<%@ page import="java.text.SimpleDateFormat" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4. 01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/ html4/loose. dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>動態頁面1</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>動態頁面1</div>
</body>
</html>
[root@tomcat2 ~]# cd /usr/local/tomcat9/webapps/ //切換目錄
[root@tomcat2 webapps]# ls
docs examples host-manager manager ROOT
[root@tomcat2 webapps]# mkdir test //創建站點目錄
[root@tomcat2 webapps]# cd test/
[root@tomcat2 test]# vim /index.jsp //添加首頁文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.Date" %>
<%@ page import="java.text.SimpleDateFormat" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4. 01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/ html4/loose. dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>動態頁面2</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>動態頁面2</div>
</body>
</html>
[root@tomcat1 test]# vim index.jsp
<div>動態頁面1</div><br><img src="picture.jpg"> //只需修改此行
[root@tomcat2 test]# vim index.jsp
<div>動態頁面2</div><br><img src="picture.jpg"> //只需修改此行
[root@nginx conf]# cd /mnt/tools/ //切換到掛載點
[root@nginx tools]# mkdir -p /usr/local/nginx/html/test //創建站點目錄test,注意必須與Tomcat站點相同
[root@nginx tools]# cp picture.jpg /usr/local/nginx/html/test/ //復制圖片到站點
[root@nginx tools]#
看了以上關于Nginx負載均衡的實現原理和動靜分離的分析介紹,如果大家還有什么地方需要了解的可以在億速云行業資訊里查找自己感興趣的或者找我們的專業技術工程師解答的,億速云技術工程師在行業內擁有十幾年的經驗了。億速云官網鏈接www.neiyidaogou.com
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