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構建實時通知系統是一個復雜但有趣的任務，可以使用Flask或Django這樣的Python框架來實現。下面我將分別介紹如何使用Flask和Django來構建一個基本的實時通知系統。
Flask本身并不直接支持WebSocket，但可以通過集成Flask-SocketIO來實現實時通信。以下是使用Flask-SocketIO構建實時通知系統的步驟：
安裝Flask-SocketIO和Flask-SQLAlchemy：
pip install flask-socketio flask-sqlalchemy
創建Flask應用：
from flask import Flask, render_template
from flask_socketio import SocketIO, emit
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///notifications.db'
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
socketio = SocketIO(app)
class Notification(db.Model):
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
message = db.Column(db.String(200), nullable=False)
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, nullable=False)
def __repr__(self):
return f'<Notification {self.message}>'
@app.route('/')
def index():
notifications = Notification.query.all()
return render_template('index.html', notifications=notifications)
@socketio.on('send_notification')
def handle_send_notification(data):
notification = Notification(message=data['message'], user_id=data['user_id'])
db.session.add(notification)
db.session.commit()
emit('notification_sent', {'message': notification.message}, room=str(notification.user_id))
if __name__ == '__main__':
socketio.run(app, debug=True)
創建HTML模板（templates/index.html）：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Real-time Notifications</title>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/4.0.1/socket.io.js"></script>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Notifications</h1>
<ul id="notifications"></ul>
<script>
$(document).ready(function() {
var socket = io();
socket.on('notification_sent', function(data) {
$('#notifications').append('<li>' + data.message + '</li>');
});
$('#send_notification_form').submit(function(event) {
event.preventDefault();
var message = $('#message').val();
var user_id = $('#user_id').val();
socket.emit('send_notification', {message: message, user_id: user_id});
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
Django本身也不直接支持WebSocket，但可以通過集成Django Channels來實現實時通信。以下是使用Django Channels構建實時通知系統的步驟：
安裝Django Channels和Django ORM：
pip install channels django
創建Django項目和應用：
django-admin startproject myproject
cd myproject
python manage.py startapp notifications
配置Django Channels：
在myproject/settings.py中添加以下內容：
INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
'channels',
'notifications',
]
ASGI_APPLICATION = 'myproject.asgi.application'
CHANNEL_LAYERS = {
'default': {
'BACKEND': 'channels_redis.core.RedisChannelLayer',
'CONFIG': {
'hosts': [('127.0.0.1', 6379)],
},
},
}
創建ASGI文件（myproject/asgi.py）：
import os
from django.core.asgi import get_asgi_application
from channels.routing import ProtocolTypeRouter, URLRouter
from channels.auth import AuthMiddlewareStack
import notifications.routing
os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'myproject.settings')
application = ProtocolTypeRouter({
"http": get_asgi_application(),
"websocket": AuthMiddlewareStack(
URLRouter(
notifications.routing.websocket_urlpatterns
)
),
})
創建WebSocket路由（notifications/routing.py）：
from django.urls import re_path
from . import consumers
websocket_urlpatterns = [
re_path(r'ws/notifications/$', consumers.NotificationConsumer.as_asgi()),
]
創建WebSocket消費者（notifications/consumers.py）：
import json
from channels.generic.websocket import AsyncWebsocketConsumer
class NotificationConsumer(AsyncWebsocketConsumer):
async def connect(self):
self.user = self.scope['user']
await self.accept()
async def disconnect(self, close_code):
pass
async def receive(self, text_data):
text_data_json = json.loads(text_data)
message = text_data_json['message']
await self.send(text_data=json.dumps({
'message': message
}))
創建Django視圖和模板：
在notifications/views.py中添加以下內容：
from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Notification
def index(request):
notifications = Notification.objects.all()
return render(request, 'notifications/index.html', {'notifications': notifications})
創建模板文件notifications/templates/notifications/index.html：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Real-time Notifications</title>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/4.0.1/socket.io.js"></script>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Notifications</h1>
<ul id="notifications"></ul>
<script>
$(document).ready(function() {
var socket = io('ws://' + window.location.host + '/ws/notifications/');
socket.on('message', function(data) {
$('#notifications').append('<li>' + data.message + '</li>');
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
配置URL路由（notifications/urls.py）：
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
]
配置項目URL路由（myproject/urls.py）：
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('', include('notifications.urls')),
]
通過以上步驟，你可以使用Flask或Django構建一個基本的實時通知系統。根據具體需求，你可以進一步擴展和優化這個系統。
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