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本篇內容介紹了“python裝飾器property和setter怎么使用”的有關知識,在實際案例的操作過程中,不少人都會遇到這樣的困境,接下來就讓小編帶領大家學習一下如何處理這些情況吧!希望大家仔細閱讀,能夠學有所成!
木有括號的函數那就不是在調用。
def hi(name="yasoob"): return "hi " + name print(hi()) # output: 'hi yasoob' # 我們甚至可以將一個函數賦值給一個變量,比如 greet = hi # 我們這里沒有在使用小括號,因為我們并不是在調用hi函數 # 而是在將它放在greet變量里頭。我們嘗試運行下這個 print(greet()) # output: 'hi yasoob' # 如果我們刪掉舊的hi函數,看看會發生什么! del hi print(hi()) #outputs: NameError print(greet()) #outputs: 'hi yasoob'
(1)在python中,一個函數內能嵌套定義另一個函數,并且可以在該大函數內調用該小函數。
def hi(name="yasoob"): print("now you are inside the hi() function") def greet(): return "now you are in the greet() function" def welcome(): return "now you are in the welcome() function" print(greet()) print(welcome()) print("now you are back in the hi() function") hi() #output:now you are inside the hi() function # now you are in the greet() function # now you are in the welcome() function # now you are back in the hi() function # 上面展示了無論何時你調用hi(), greet()和welcome()將會同時被調用。 # 然后greet()和welcome()函數在hi()函數之外是不能訪問的,比如: greet() #outputs: NameError: name 'greet' is not defined
(2)開始神奇的是,大函數的返回值可以是一個函數:
def hi(name="yasoob"): def greet(): return "now you are in the greet() function" def welcome(): return "now you are in the welcome() function" if name == "yasoob": return greet #這里!! else: return welcome a = hi() print(a) #outputs: <function greet at 0x7f2143c01500> #上面清晰地展示了`a`現在指向到hi()函數中的greet()函數 #現在試試這個 print(a()) #outputs: now you are in the greet() function
在 if/else 語句中我們返回 greet 和 welcome,而不是 greet() 和 welcome()。
為什么那樣?這是因為當你把一對小括號放在后面,這個函數就會執行;然而如果你不放括號在它后面,那它可以被到處傳遞,并且可以賦值給別的變量而不去執行它。
當我們寫下 a = hi(),hi() 會被執行,而由于 name 參數默認是 yasoob,所以函數 greet 被返回了。
PS:如果我們打印出 hi()(),這會輸出 now you are in the greet() function。
(3)最后要說的是函數作為參數傳入一個函數:
def hi(): return "hi yasoob!" def doSomethingBeforeHi(func): print("I am doing some boring work before executing hi()") print(func()) doSomethingBeforeHi(hi) #outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing hi() # hi yasoob!
終于來到了帶@的裝飾器,其實就是帶了@帽子的函數作為參數,傳入@后面的函數中。
def a_new_decorator(a_func): def wrapTheFunction(): print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()") a_func() print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()") return wrapTheFunction @a_new_decorator def a_function_requiring_decoration(): """Hey you! Decorate me!""" print("I am the function which needs some decoration to " "remove my foul smell") a_function_requiring_decoration() #outputs: I am doing some boring work before executing a_func() # I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell # I am doing some boring work after executing a_func() #the @a_new_decorator is just a short way of saying: a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)
上面的代碼等價于我們熟悉的:
def a_new_decorator(a_func): def wrapTheFunction(): print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()") a_func() print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()") return wrapTheFunction def a_function_requiring_decoration(): print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell") a_function_requiring_decoration() #outputs: "I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell" a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration) #now a_function_requiring_decoration is wrapped by wrapTheFunction() a_function_requiring_decoration() #outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing a_func() # I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell # I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()
不過一開始上面被裝飾過的函數名字已經悄悄發生“改變”,如果print下可以看出(如下代碼)。
解決方案:
@wraps接受一個函數來進行裝飾,并加入了復制函數名稱、注釋文檔、參數列表等等的功能。這可以讓我們在裝飾器里面訪問在裝飾之前的函數的屬性。
print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__) # Output: wrapTheFunction
最終加上@wraps的代碼如下:
from functools import wraps def a_new_decorator(a_func): @wraps(a_func) def wrapTheFunction(): print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()") a_func() print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()") return wrapTheFunction @a_new_decorator def a_function_requiring_decoration(): """Hey yo! Decorate me!""" print("I am the function which needs some decoration to " "remove my foul smell") print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__) # Output: a_function_requiring_decoration
class Timer: def __init__(self, value = 0.0): self._time = value self._unit = 's' # 使用裝飾器的時候,需要注意: # 1. 裝飾器名,函數名需要一直 # 2. property需要先聲明,再寫setter,順序不能倒過來 @property def time(self): return str(self._time) + ' ' + self._unit @time.setter def time(self, value): if(value < 0): raise ValueError('Time cannot be negetive.') self._time = value t = Timer() t.time = 1.0 print(t.time)
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