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小編給大家分享一下.NET Core中的HttpClientFactory類怎么用,相信大部分人都還不怎么了解,因此分享這篇文章給大家參考一下,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后大有收獲,下面讓我們一起去了解一下吧!
在C#中,如果我們需要向某特定的URL地址發送Http請求的時候,通常會用到HttpClient類。會將HttpClient包裹在using內部進行聲明和初始化,如下面的代碼:
using (var httpClient = new HttpClient()) { // 邏輯處理代碼 }
HttpClient類包含了許多有用的方法,使用上面的代碼,可以滿足絕大多數的需求,但是如果對其使用不當時,可能會出現意想不到的事情。
上面代碼的技術范點:當你使用繼承了IDisposable接口的對象時,建議在using代碼塊中聲明和初始化,當using代碼段執行完成后,會自動釋放該對象而不需要手動進行顯示Dispose操作。
對象所占用資源應該確保及時被釋放掉,但是,對于網絡連接而言,這是錯誤的。具體原因有下面兩點:
網絡連接是需要耗費一定時間的,頻繁開啟與關閉連接,性能會受到影響。
開啟網絡連接時會占用低層socket資源,但在HttpClient調用其本身的Dispose方法時,并不能立即釋放該資源,這意味著你的程序可能會因為耗盡連接資源而產生預期之外的異常。
看下面一段代碼
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net.Http; using System.Text; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace HttpClientDemo { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { //using (var httpClient = new HttpClient()) //{ // // 邏輯處理代碼 //} HttpAsync(); Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); Console.Read(); } public static async void HttpAsync() { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { using (var client = new HttpClient()) { var result = await client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com"); Console.WriteLine($"{i}:{result.StatusCode}"); } } } } }
運行項目輸出結果后,通過netstate查看下TCP連接情況,會發現連接依然存在,狀態為“TIME_WAIT”(繼續等待看是否還有延遲的包會傳輸過來)。
這里就會出現一個坑:在高并發的情況下,連接來不及釋放,socket連接被耗盡,耗盡之后就會出現錯誤。就是會出現“各種套接字問題”。
那么如何解決這個問題呢?比較好的解決方法是延長HttpClient對象的使用壽命,實現HttpClient對象的復用,比如對其建一個靜態的對象:
private static HttpClient Client = new HttpClient();
我們使用這種方式優化上面的代碼
using System; using System.Net.Http; namespace HttpClientDemo { class Program { private static readonly HttpClient _client = new HttpClient(); static void Main(string[] args) { HttpAsync(); Console.WriteLine("Hello World"); Console.ReadKey(); } public static async void HttpAsync() { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { var result = await _client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com"); Console.WriteLine($"{i}:{result.StatusCode}"); } } } }
這樣調整HttpClient的引用后,雖然可以解決一些問題,但是仍然存在一些問題:
因為是復用的HttpClient,那么一些公共的設置就沒辦法靈活的調整,如請求頭的自定義。
因為HttpClient請求每個url時,會緩存url對應的主機ip,從而會導致DNS更新失效。
為了解決這些問題,在.NET Core 2.1中引入了新的HttpClientFactory類。
微軟在.NET Core 2.1中新引入了HttpClientFactory類,具有如下的優勢:
HttpClientFactory很高效,可以最大程度上節省系統的sock而。
Factory,顧名思義HttpClientfactory就是HttpClient的工廠,內部已經幫我們處理好了對HttpClient的管理,不需要我們人工進行對象釋放,同時,支持自定義請求頭、支持DNS更新等。
我們用一個ASP.NET Core的程序作為示例,它的用法非常簡單,首先是對其進行IOC注冊:
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { // 注入HttpClient services.AddHttpClient("client_1", config => //這里指定的name=client_1,可以方便我們后期服用該實例 { config.BaseAddress = new Uri("http://www.baidu.com"); config.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("header_1", "header_1"); }); services.AddHttpClient("client_2", config => { config.BaseAddress = new Uri("https://www.qq.com/"); config.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("header_2", "header_2"); }); services.AddHttpClient(); services.AddControllers(); }
然后在控制器里面通過IHttpClientFactory創建一個HttpClient對象,之后的操作跟以前一樣,但不需要擔心其內部資源的釋放:
using System.Net.Http; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc; namespace HttpClientFactoryDemo.Controllers { [Route("api/[controller]")] [ApiController] public class DemoController : ControllerBase { IHttpClientFactory _httpClientFactory; /// <summary> /// 通過構造函數實現注入 /// </summary> /// <param name="httpClientFactory"></param> public DemoController(IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory) { _httpClientFactory = httpClientFactory; } public async Task<string> Get() { var client = _httpClientFactory.CreateClient("client_1"); //復用在Startup中定義的client_1的httpclient var result = await client.GetStringAsync("/page1.html"); var client2 = _httpClientFactory.CreateClient(); //新建一個HttpClient var result2 = await client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com"); return result2.StatusCode.ToString(); } } }
程序運行結果:
AddHttpClient的源碼:
public static IServiceCollection AddHttpClient(this IServiceCollection services) { if (services == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(services)); } services.AddLogging(); services.AddOptions(); // // Core abstractions // services.TryAddTransient<HttpMessageHandlerBuilder, DefaultHttpMessageHandlerBuilder>(); services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpClientFactory, DefaultHttpClientFactory>(); // // Typed Clients // services.TryAdd(ServiceDescriptor.Singleton(typeof(ITypedHttpClientFactory<>), typeof(DefaultTypedHttpClientFactory<>))); // // Misc infrastructure // services.TryAddEnumerable(ServiceDescriptor.Singleton<IHttpMessageHandlerBuilderFilter, LoggingHttpMessageHandlerBuilderFilter>()); return services; }
看下面這句代碼:
services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpClientFactory, DefaultHttpClientFactory>();
這里添加依賴注入的時候為IHttpClientFactory接口綁定了DefaultHttpClientFactory類。
我們在來看IHttpClientFactory接口中關鍵的CreateClient方法:
public HttpClient CreateClient(string name) { if (name == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(name)); } var entry = _activeHandlers.GetOrAdd(name, _entryFactory).Value; var client = new HttpClient(entry.Handler, disposeHandler: false); StartHandlerEntryTimer(entry); var options = _optionsMonitor.Get(name); for (var i = 0; i < options.HttpClientActions.Count; i++) { options.HttpClientActions[i](client); } return client; }
從代碼中我們可以看出:HttpClient的創建不在是簡單的new HttpClient(),而是傳入了兩個參數:HttpMessageHandler handler與bool disposeHandler。
disposeHandler參數為false時表示要重用內部的handler對象。handler參數則從上一句的代碼中可以看出是以name為鍵值從一字典中取出,又因為DefaultHttpClientFactory類是通過TryAddSingleton方法注冊的,也就意味著其為單例,那么這個內部字典便是唯一的,每個鍵值對應的ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry對象也是唯一,該對象內部中包含著handler。
下一句代碼StartHandlerEntryTimer(entry);
開啟了ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry對象的過期計時處理。默認過期時間是2分鐘。
internal void ExpiryTimer_Tick(object state) { var active = (ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry)state; // The timer callback should be the only one removing from the active collection. If we can't find // our entry in the collection, then this is a bug. var removed = _activeHandlers.TryRemove(active.Name, out var found); Debug.Assert(removed, "Entry not found. We should always be able to remove the entry"); Debug.Assert(object.ReferenceEquals(active, found.Value), "Different entry found. The entry should not have been replaced"); // At this point the handler is no longer 'active' and will not be handed out to any new clients. // However we haven't dropped our strong reference to the handler, so we can't yet determine if // there are still any other outstanding references (we know there is at least one). // // We use a different state object to track expired handlers. This allows any other thread that acquired // the 'active' entry to use it without safety problems. var expired = new ExpiredHandlerTrackingEntry(active); _expiredHandlers.Enqueue(expired); Log.HandlerExpired(_logger, active.Name, active.Lifetime); StartCleanupTimer(); }
先是將ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry對象傳入新的ExpiredHandlerTrackingEntry對象。
public ExpiredHandlerTrackingEntry(ActiveHandlerTrackingEntry other) { Name = other.Name; _livenessTracker = new WeakReference(other.Handler); InnerHandler = other.Handler.InnerHandler; }
在其構造方法內部,handler對象通過弱引用方式關聯著,不會影響其被GC釋放。
然后新建的ExpiredHandlerTrackingEntry對象被放入專用的隊列。
最后開始清理工作,定時器的時間間隔設定為每10秒一次。
internal void CleanupTimer_Tick(object state) { // Stop any pending timers, we'll restart the timer if there's anything left to process after cleanup. // // With the scheme we're using it's possible we could end up with some redundant cleanup operations. // This is expected and fine. // // An alternative would be to take a lock during the whole cleanup process. This isn't ideal because it // would result in threads executing ExpiryTimer_Tick as they would need to block on cleanup to figure out // whether we need to start the timer. StopCleanupTimer(); try { if (!Monitor.TryEnter(_cleanupActiveLock)) { // We don't want to run a concurrent cleanup cycle. This can happen if the cleanup cycle takes // a long time for some reason. Since we're running user code inside Dispose, it's definitely // possible. // // If we end up in that position, just make sure the timer gets started again. It should be cheap // to run a 'no-op' cleanup. StartCleanupTimer(); return; } var initialCount = _expiredHandlers.Count; Log.CleanupCycleStart(_logger, initialCount); var stopwatch = ValueStopwatch.StartNew(); var disposedCount = 0; for (var i = 0; i < initialCount; i++) { // Since we're the only one removing from _expired, TryDequeue must always succeed. _expiredHandlers.TryDequeue(out var entry); Debug.Assert(entry != null, "Entry was null, we should always get an entry back from TryDequeue"); if (entry.CanDispose) { try { entry.InnerHandler.Dispose(); disposedCount++; } catch (Exception ex) { Log.CleanupItemFailed(_logger, entry.Name, ex); } } else { // If the entry is still live, put it back in the queue so we can process it // during the next cleanup cycle. _expiredHandlers.Enqueue(entry); } } Log.CleanupCycleEnd(_logger, stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(), disposedCount, _expiredHandlers.Count); } finally { Monitor.Exit(_cleanupActiveLock); } // We didn't totally empty the cleanup queue, try again later. if (_expiredHandlers.Count > 0) { StartCleanupTimer(); } }
上述方法核心是判斷是否handler對象已經被GC,如果是的話,則釋放其內部資源,即網絡連接。
回到最初創建HttpClient的代碼,會發現并沒有傳入任何name參數值。這是得益于HttpClientFactoryExtensions類的擴展方法。
public static HttpClient CreateClient(this IHttpClientFactory factory) { if (factory == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(factory)); } return factory.CreateClient(Options.DefaultName); }
Options.DefaultName的值為string.Empty。
以上是“.NET Core中的HttpClientFactory類怎么用”這篇文章的所有內容,感謝各位的閱讀!相信大家都有了一定的了解,希望分享的內容對大家有所幫助,如果還想學習更多知識,歡迎關注億速云行業資訊頻道!
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