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小編給大家分享一下Linux系統中tcpdump怎么用,相信大部分人都還不怎么了解,因此分享這篇文章給大家參考一下,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后大有收獲,下面讓我們一起去了解一下吧!
tcpdump 支持多種 Linux 發行版,所以你的系統中很有可能已經安裝了它。用下面的命令檢查一下是否已經安裝了 tcpdump:
$ which tcpdump /usr/sbin/tcpdump
如果還沒有安裝 tcpdump,你可以用軟件包管理器安裝它。 例如,在 CentOS 或者 Red Hat Enterprise 系統中,用如下命令安裝 tcpdump:
$ sudo yum install -y tcpdump
tcpdump 依賴于 libpcap,該庫文件用于捕獲網絡數據包。如果該庫文件也沒有安裝,系統會根據依賴關系自動安裝它。
現在你可以開始抓包了。
使用 tcpdump 抓包,需要管理員權限,因此下面的示例中絕大多數命令都是以 sudo 開頭。
首先,先用 tcpdump -D 命令列出可以抓包的網絡接口:
$ sudo tcpdump -D 1.eth0 2.virbr0 3.eth2 4.any (Pseudo-device that captures on all interfaces) 5.lo [Loopback]
如上所示,可以看到我的機器中所有可以抓包的網絡接口。其中特殊接口 any 可用于抓取所有活動的網絡接口的數據包。
我們就用如下命令先對 any 接口進行抓包:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 09:56:18.293641 IP rhel75.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.64.1.56322: Flags [P.], seq 3770820720:3770820916, ack 3503648727, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 76577898 ecr 510770929], length 196 09:56:18.293794 IP 192.168.64.1.56322 > rhel75.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 391, options [nop,nop,TS val 510771017 ecr 76577898], length 0 09:56:18.295058 IP rhel75.59883 > gateway.domain: 2486+ PTR? 1.64.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (43) 09:56:18.310225 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.59883: 2486 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (102) 09:56:18.312482 IP rhel75.49685 > gateway.domain: 34242+ PTR? 28.64.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (44) 09:56:18.322425 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.49685: 34242 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (103) 09:56:18.323164 IP rhel75.56631 > gateway.domain: 29904+ PTR? 1.122.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (44) 09:56:18.323342 IP rhel75.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.64.1.56322: Flags [P.], seq 196:584, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 76577928 ecr 510771017], length 388 09:56:18.323563 IP 192.168.64.1.56322 > rhel75.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 584, win 411, options [nop,nop,TS val 510771047 ecr 76577928], length 0 09:56:18.335569 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.56631: 29904 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (103) 09:56:18.336429 IP rhel75.44007 > gateway.domain: 61677+ PTR? 98.122.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (45) 09:56:18.336655 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.44007: 61677* 1/0/0 PTR rhel75. (65) 09:56:18.337177 IP rhel75.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.64.1.56322: Flags [P.], seq 584:1644, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 76577942 ecr 510771047], length 1060 ---- SKIPPING LONG OUTPUT ----- 09:56:19.342939 IP 192.168.64.1.56322 > rhel75.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 1752016, win 1444, options [nop,nop,TS val 510772067 ecr 76578948], length 0 ^C 9003 packets captured 9010 packets received by filter 7 packets dropped by kernel $
tcpdump 會持續抓包直到收到中斷信號。你可以按 Ctrl+C 來停止抓包。正如上面示例所示,tcpdump 抓取了超過 9000 個數據包。在這個示例中,由于我是通過 ssh 連接到服務器,所以 tcpdump 也捕獲了所有這類數據包。-c 選項可以用于限制 tcpdump 抓包的數量:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c 5 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 11:21:30.242740 IP rhel75.localdomain.ssh > 192.168.64.1.56322: Flags [P.], seq 3772575680:3772575876, ack 3503651743, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 81689848 ecr 515883153], length 196 11:21:30.242906 IP 192.168.64.1.56322 > rhel75.localdomain.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 1443, options [nop,nop,TS val 515883235 ecr 81689848], length 0 11:21:30.244442 IP rhel75.43634 > gateway.domain: 57680+ PTR? 1.64.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (43) 11:21:30.244829 IP gateway.domain > rhel75.43634: 57680 NXDomain 0/0/0 (43) 11:21:30.247048 IP rhel75.33696 > gateway.domain: 37429+ PTR? 28.64.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (44) 5 packets captured 12 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel $
如上所示,tcpdump 在抓取 5 個數據包后自動停止了抓包。這在有些場景中十分有用 —— 比如你只需要抓取少量的數據包用于分析。當我們需要使用過濾規則抓取特定的數據包(如下所示)時,-c 的作用就十分突出了。
在上面示例中,tcpdump 默認是將 IP 地址和端口號解析為對應的接口名以及服務協議名稱。而通常在網絡故障排查中,使用 IP 地址和端口號更便于分析問題;用 -n 選項顯示 IP 地址,-nn 選項顯示端口號:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 23:56:24.292206 IP 192.168.64.28.22 > 192.168.64.1.35110: Flags [P.], seq 166198580:166198776, ack 2414541257, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 615664 ecr 540031155], length 196 23:56:24.292357 IP 192.168.64.1.35110 > 192.168.64.28.22: Flags [.], ack 196, win 1377, options [nop,nop,TS val 540031229 ecr 615664], length 0 23:56:24.292570 IP 192.168.64.28.22 > 192.168.64.1.35110: Flags [P.], seq 196:568, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 615664 ecr 540031229], length 372 23:56:24.292655 IP 192.168.64.1.35110 > 192.168.64.28.22: Flags [.], ack 568, win 1400, options [nop,nop,TS val 540031229 ecr 615664], length 0 23:56:24.292752 IP 192.168.64.28.22 > 192.168.64.1.35110: Flags [P.], seq 568:908, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 615664 ecr 540031229], length 340 5 packets captured 6 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
如上所示,抓取的數據包中顯示 IP 地址和端口號。這樣還可以阻止 tcpdump 發出 DNS 查找,有助于在網絡故障排查中減少數據流量。
現在你已經會抓包了,讓我們來分析一下這些抓包輸出的含義吧。
tcpdump 能夠抓取并解碼多種協議類型的數據報文,如 TCP、UDP、ICMP 等等。雖然這里我們不可能介紹所有的數據報文類型,但可以分析下 TCP 類型的數據報文,來幫助你入門。更多有關 tcpdump 的詳細介紹可以參考其
。tcpdump 抓取的 TCP 報文看起來如下:08:41:13.729687 IP 192.168.64.28.22 > 192.168.64.1.41916: Flags [P.], seq 196:568, ack 1, win 309, options [nop,nop,TS val 117964079 ecr 816509256], length 372
具體的字段根據不同的報文類型會有不同,但上面這個例子是一般的格式形式。
第一個字段 08:41:13.729687 是該數據報文被抓取的系統本地時間戳。
然后,IP 是網絡層協議類型,這里是 IPv4,如果是 IPv6 協議,該字段值是 IP6。
192.168.64.28.22 是源 ip 地址和端口號,緊跟其后的是目的 ip 地址和其端口號,這里是 192.168.64.1.41916。
在源 IP 和目的 IP 之后,可以看到是 TCP 報文標記段 Flags [P.]。該字段通常取值如下:
值 | 標志類型 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
S | SYN | Connection Start |
F | FIN | Connection Finish |
P | PUSH | Data push |
R | RST | Connection reset |
. | ACK | Acknowledgment |
該字段也可以是這些值的組合,例如 [S.] 代表 SYN-ACK 數據包。
接下來是該數據包中數據的序列號。對于抓取的第一個數據包,該字段值是一個絕對數字,后續包使用相對數值,以便更容易查詢跟蹤。例如此處 seq 196:568 代表該數據包包含該數據流的第 196 到 568 字節。
接下來是 ack 值:ack 1。該數據包是數據發送方,ack 值為 1。在數據接收方,該字段代表數據流上的下一個預期字節數據,例如,該數據流中下一個數據包的 ack 值應該是 568。
接下來字段是接收窗口大小 win 309,它表示接收緩沖區中可用的字節數,后跟 TCP 選項如 MSS(最大段大小)或者窗口比例值。更詳盡的 TCP 協議內容請參考
。最后,length 372 代表數據包有效載荷字節長度。這個長度和 seq 序列號中字節數值長度是不一樣的。
現在讓我們學習如何過濾數據報文以便更容易的分析定位問題。
正如上面所提,tcpdump 可以抓取很多種類型的數據報文,其中很多可能和我們需要查找的問題并沒有關系。舉個例子,假設你正在定位一個與 web 服務器連接的網絡問題,就不必關系 SSH 數據報文,因此在抓包結果中過濾掉 SSH 報文可能更便于你分析問題。
tcpdump 有很多參數選項可以設置數據包過濾規則,例如根據源 IP 以及目的 IP 地址,端口號,協議等等規則來過濾數據包。下面就介紹一些最常用的過濾方法。
在命令中指定協議便可以按照協議類型來篩選數據包。比方說用如下命令只要抓取 ICMP 報文:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
然后再打開一個終端,去 ping 另一臺機器:
$ ping opensource.com PING opensource.com (54.204.39.132) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com (54.204.39.132): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=39.6 ms
回到運行 tcpdump 命令的終端中,可以看到它篩選出了 ICMP 報文。這里 tcpdump 并沒有顯示有關 opensource.com 的域名解析數據包:
09:34:20.136766 IP rhel75 > ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com: ICMP echo request, id 20361, seq 1, length 64 09:34:20.176402 IP ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com > rhel75: ICMP echo reply, id 20361, seq 1, length 64 09:34:21.140230 IP rhel75 > ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com: ICMP echo request, id 20361, seq 2, length 64 09:34:21.180020 IP ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com > rhel75: ICMP echo reply, id 20361, seq 2, length 64 09:34:22.141777 IP rhel75 > ec2-54-204-39-132.compute-1.amazonaws.com: ICMP echo request, id 20361, seq 3, length 64 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
用 host 參數只抓取和特定主機相關的數據包:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn host 54.204.39.132 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 09:54:20.042023 IP 192.168.122.98.39326 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 1375157070, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 122350391 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 09:54:20.088127 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39326: Flags [S.], seq 1935542841, ack 1375157071, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522713542 ecr 122350391,nop,wscale 9], length 0 09:54:20.088204 IP 192.168.122.98.39326 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122350437 ecr 522713542], length 0 09:54:20.088734 IP 192.168.122.98.39326 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122350438 ecr 522713542], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 09:54:20.129733 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39326: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522713552 ecr 122350438], length 0 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
如上所示,只抓取和顯示與 54.204.39.132 有關的數據包。
tcpdump 可以根據服務類型或者端口號來篩選數據包。例如,抓取和 HTTP 服務相關的數據包:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn port 80tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decodelistening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes09:58:28.790548 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 1745665159, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 122599140 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 009:58:28.834026 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39330: Flags [S.], seq 4063583040, ack 1745665160, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522775728 ecr 122599140,nop,wscale 9], length 009:58:28.834093 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122599183 ecr 522775728], length 009:58:28.834588 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122599184 ecr 522775728], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.109:58:28.878445 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39330: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522775739 ecr 122599184], length 05 packets captured5 packets received by filter0 packets dropped by kernel
同樣,你也可以根據源 IP 地址或者目的 IP 地址或者主機名來篩選數據包。例如抓取源 IP 地址為 192.168.122.98 的數據包:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn port 80 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 09:58:28.790548 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 1745665159, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 122599140 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 09:58:28.834026 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39330: Flags [S.], seq 4063583040, ack 1745665160, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522775728 ecr 122599140,nop,wscale 9], length 0 09:58:28.834093 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122599183 ecr 522775728], length 0 09:58:28.834588 IP 192.168.122.98.39330 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122599184 ecr 522775728], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 09:58:28.878445 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39330: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522775739 ecr 122599184], length 0 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
注意此處示例中抓取了來自源 IP 地址 192.168.122.98 的 53 端口以及 80 端口的數據包,它們的應答包沒有顯示出來因為那些包的源 IP 地址已經變了。
相對的,使用 dst 就是按目的 IP/主機名來篩選數據包。
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn src 192.168.122.98 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10:02:15.220824 IP 192.168.122.98.39436 > 192.168.122.1.53: 59332+ A? opensource.com. (32) 10:02:15.220862 IP 192.168.122.98.39436 > 192.168.122.1.53: 20749+ AAAA? opensource.com. (32) 10:02:15.364062 IP 192.168.122.98.39334 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 1108640533, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 122825713 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 10:02:15.409229 IP 192.168.122.98.39334 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 669337581, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122825758 ecr 522832372], length 0 10:02:15.409667 IP 192.168.122.98.39334 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 0:112, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 122825759 ecr 522832372], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
當然,可以使用多條件組合來篩選數據包,使用 and 以及 or 邏輯操作符來創建過濾規則。例如,篩選來自源 IP 地址 192.168.122.98 的 HTTP 數據包:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn dst 192.168.122.98 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10:05:03.572931 IP 192.168.122.1.53 > 192.168.122.98.47049: 2248 1/0/0 A 54.204.39.132 (48) 10:05:03.572944 IP 192.168.122.1.53 > 192.168.122.98.47049: 33770 0/0/0 (32) 10:05:03.621833 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39338: Flags [S.], seq 3474204576, ack 3256851264, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522874425 ecr 122993922,nop,wscale 9], length 0 10:05:03.667767 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39338: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522874436 ecr 122993972], length 0 10:05:03.672221 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39338: Flags [P.], seq 1:643, ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522874437 ecr 122993972], length 642: HTTP: HTTP/1.1 302 Found 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
你也可以使用括號來創建更為復雜的過濾規則,但在 shell 中請用引號包含你的過濾規則以防止被識別為 shell 表達式:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn "port 80 and (src 192.168.122.98 or src 54.204.39.132)" tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10:10:37.602214 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 871108679, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 123327951 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 10:10:37.650651 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39346: Flags [S.], seq 854753193, ack 871108680, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522957932 ecr 123327951,nop,wscale 9], length 0 10:10:37.650708 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 123328000 ecr 522957932], length 0 10:10:37.651097 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 123328000 ecr 522957932], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 10:10:37.692900 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39346: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522957942 ecr 123328000], length 0 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c5 -nn "port 80 and (src 192.168.122.98 or src 54.204.39.132)" tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10:10:37.602214 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 871108679, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 123327951 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 10:10:37.650651 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39346: Flags [S.], seq 854753193, ack 871108680, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 522957932 ecr 123327951,nop,wscale 9], length 0 10:10:37.650708 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 123328000 ecr 522957932], length 0 10:10:37.651097 IP 192.168.122.98.39346 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 123328000 ecr 522957932], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 10:10:37.692900 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39346: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 522957942 ecr 123328000], length 0 5 packets captured 5 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
該例子中我們只抓取了來自源 IP 為 192.168.122.98 或者 54.204.39.132 的 HTTP (端口號80)的數據包。使用該方法就很容易抓取到數據流中交互雙方的數據包了。
在以上的示例中,我們只按數據包頭部的信息來建立規則篩選數據包,例如源地址、目的地址、端口號等等。有時我們需要分析網絡連接問題,可能需要分析數據包中的內容來判斷什么內容需要被發送、什么內容需要被接收等。tcpdump 提供了兩個選項可以查看數據包內容,-X 以十六進制打印出數據報文內容,-A 打印數據報文的 ASCII 值。
例如,HTTP 請求報文內容如下:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c10 -nn -A port 80 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 13:02:14.871803 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 2546602048, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 133625221 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 E.. 192.168.122.98.39366: Flags [S.], seq 1877348646, ack 2546602049, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 525532247 ecr 133625221,nop,wscale 9], length 0 E.. 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625260 ecr 525532247], length 0 E..4..@.@.....zb6.'....P...Ao..'........... .....R.W................ 13:02:14.911808 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625261 ecr 525532247], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 E.....@.@..1..zb6.'....P...Ao..'........... .....R.WGET / HTTP/1.1 User-Agent: Wget/1.14 (linux-gnu) Accept: */* Host: opensource.com Connection: Keep-Alive ................ 13:02:14.951199 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39366: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 525532257 ecr 133625261], length 0 E..4.F@./.."6.'...zb.P..o..'.......9.2..... .R.a.................... 13:02:14.955030 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39366: Flags [P.], seq 1:643, ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 525532258 ecr 133625261], length 642: HTTP: HTTP/1.1 302 Found E....G@./...6.'...zb.P..o..'.......9....... .R.b....HTTP/1.1 302 Found Server: nginx Date: Sun, 23 Sep 2018 17:02:14 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Length: 207 X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff Location: https://opensource.com/ Cache-Control: max-age=1209600 Expires: Sun, 07 Oct 2018 17:02:14 GMT X-Request-ID: v-6baa3acc-bf52-11e8-9195-22000ab8cf2d X-Varnish: 632951979 Age: 0 Via: 1.1 varnish (Varnish/5.2) X-Cache: MISS Connection: keep-alive 302 Found Found The document has moved here. ................ 13:02:14.955083 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 643, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625304 ecr 525532258], length 0 E..4..@.@.....zb6.'....P....o.............. .....R.b................ 13:02:15.195524 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [F.], seq 113, ack 643, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625545 ecr 525532258], length 0 E..4..@.@.....zb6.'....P....o.............. .....R.b................ 13:02:15.236592 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39366: Flags [F.], seq 643, ack 114, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 525532329 ecr 133625545], length 0 E..4.H@./.. 6.'...zb.P..o..........9.I..... .R...................... 13:02:15.236656 IP 192.168.122.98.39366 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 644, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 133625586 ecr 525532329], length 0 E..4..@.@.....zb6.'....P....o.............. .....R.................. 10 packets captured 10 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
這對定位一些普通 HTTP 調用 API 接口的問題很有用。當然如果是加密報文,這個輸出也就沒多大用了。
tcpdump 提供了保存抓包數據的功能以便后續分析數據包。例如,你可以夜里讓它在那里抓包,然后早上起來再去分析它。同樣當有很多數據包時,顯示過快也不利于分析,將數據包保存下來,更有利于分析問題。
使用 -w 選項來保存數據包而不是在屏幕上顯示出抓取的數據包:
$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c10 -nn -w webserver.pcap port 80 [sudo] password for ricardo: tcpdump: listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 10 packets captured 10 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernelxxxxxxxxxx6 1$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c10 -nn -w webserver.pcap port 802[sudo] password for ricardo:3tcpdump: listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes410 packets captured510 packets received by filter60 packets dropped by kernel$ sudo tcpdump -i any -c10 -nn -w webserver.pcap port 80[sudo] password for ricardo:tcpdump: listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes10 packets captured10 packets received by filter0 packets dropped by kernel
該命令將抓取的數據包保存到文件 webserver.pcap。后綴名 pcap 表示文件是抓取的數據包格式。
正如示例中所示,保存數據包到文件中時屏幕上就沒有任何有關數據報文的輸出,其中 -c10 表示抓取到 10 個數據包后就停止抓包。如果想有一些反饋來提示確實抓取到了數據包,可以使用 -v 選項。
tcpdump 將數據包保存在二進制文件中,所以不能簡單的用文本編輯器去打開它。使用 -r 選項參數來閱讀該文件中的報文內容:
$ tcpdump -nn -r webserver.pcap reading from file webserver.pcap, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked) 13:36:57.679494 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [S], seq 3709732619, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 135708029 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 13:36:57.718932 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [S.], seq 1999298316, ack 3709732620, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 526052949 ecr 135708029,nop,wscale 9], length 0 13:36:57.719005 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708068 ecr 526052949], length 0 13:36:57.719186 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [P.], seq 1:113, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708068 ecr 526052949], length 112: HTTP: GET / HTTP/1.1 13:36:57.756979 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526052959 ecr 135708068], length 0 13:36:57.760122 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [P.], seq 1:643, ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526052959 ecr 135708068], length 642: HTTP: HTTP/1.1 302 Found 13:36:57.760182 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 643, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708109 ecr 526052959], length 0 13:36:57.977602 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [F.], seq 113, ack 643, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708327 ecr 526052959], length 0 13:36:58.022089 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [F.], seq 643, ack 114, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526053025 ecr 135708327], length 0 13:36:58.022132 IP 192.168.122.98.39378 > 54.204.39.132.80: Flags [.], ack 644, win 239, options [nop,nop,TS val 135708371 ecr 526053025], length 0 $
這里不需要管理員權限 sudo 了,因為此刻并不是在網絡接口處抓包。
你還可以使用我們討論過的任何過濾規則來過濾文件中的內容,就像使用實時數據一樣。 例如,通過執行以下命令從源 IP 地址 54.204.39.132 檢查文件中的數據包:
$ tcpdump -nn -r webserver.pcap src 54.204.39.132 reading from file webserver.pcap, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked) 13:36:57.718932 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [S.], seq 1999298316, ack 3709732620, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 526052949 ecr 135708029,nop,wscale 9], length 0 13:36:57.756979 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [.], ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526052959 ecr 135708068], length 0 13:36:57.760122 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [P.], seq 1:643, ack 113, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526052959 ecr 135708068], length 642: HTTP: HTTP/1.1 302 Found 13:36:58.022089 IP 54.204.39.132.80 > 192.168.122.98.39378: Flags [F.], seq 643, ack 114, win 57, options [nop,nop,TS val 526053025 ecr 135708327], length 0
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