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ProxySQL中怎么利用MySQL實現數據庫讀寫分離,相信很多沒有經驗的人對此束手無策,為此本文總結了問題出現的原因和解決方法,通過這篇文章希望你能解決這個問題。
ProxySQL介紹
1、連接池,而且是multiplexing
2、主機和用戶的最大連接數限制
3、自動下線后端DB
延遲超過閥值
ping 延遲超過閥值
網絡不通或宕機
4、強大的規則路由引擎
實現讀寫分離
查詢重寫
sql流量鏡像
5、支持prepared statement
6、支持Query Cache
7、支持負載均衡,與gelera結合自動failover
整體環境介紹
1、系統環境
三臺服務器系統環境一致如下
[root@db1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core) [root@db1 ~]# uname -r 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
2、IP地址與軟件版本
proxy 192.168.22.171
db1 192.168.22.173
db2 192.168.22.174
mysql 5.7.17
proxy sql 1.4.8
3、關閉防火墻、selinux
systemctl stop firewalld #停止防火墻服務 systemctl disable firewalld #禁止開機自啟動 sed -i 's#SELINUX=enforcing#SELINUX=disabled#g' /etc/selinux/conf && reboot #用sed命令替換的試修改selinux的配置文件
4、mysql安裝與主從同步
安裝請參考以下文章
LAMP架構應用實戰——MySQL服務
主從同步請參以下文章
Linux系統MySQL數據庫主從同步實戰過程
安裝布署過程
1、數據庫主從同步
查看主從同步狀態
mysql> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.22.173 Master_User: rep Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: master-log.000001 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154 Relay_Log_File: db2-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 321 Relay_Master_Log_File: master-log.000001 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154 Relay_Log_Space: 526 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1 Master_UUID: 70a61633-63ae-11e8-ab86-000c29fe99ea Master_Info_File: /mysqldata/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
檢測主從同步
[root@db1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p -e "create database testdb; "Enter password: [root@db1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p -e "show databases;" |grep testdb Enter password: testdb #db2上查看是否同步 mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | testdb | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2、準備proxySQL軟件
[root@proxy ~]# wget https://github.com/sysown/proxysql/releases/download/v1.4.8/proxysql-1.4.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm [root@proxy ~]# ll proxysql-1.4.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5977168 Apr 10 11:38 proxysql-1.4.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm
3、安裝配置
[root@proxy ~]# yum install -y proxysql-1.4.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm [root@proxy ~]# rpm -ql proxysql /etc/init.d/proxysql #啟動腳本 /etc/proxysql.cnf #配置文件,僅在第一次(/var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db文件不存在)啟動時有效。啟#動后可以在proxysql管理端中通過修改數據庫的方式修改配置并生效(官方推薦方式。) /usr/bin/proxysql #主程序文件 /usr/share/proxysql/tools/proxysql_galera_checker.sh /usr/share/proxysql/tools/proxysql_galera_writer.pl
4、配置文件詳解
[root@proxy ~]# egrep -v "^#|^$" /etc/proxysql.cnf datadir="/var/lib/proxysql" #數據目錄 admin_variables= { admin_credentials="admin:admin" #連接管理端的用戶名與密碼 mysql_ifaces="0.0.0.0:6032" #管理端口,用來連接proxysql的管理數據庫 } mysql_variables= { threads=4 #指定轉發端口開啟的線程數量 max_connections=2048 default_query_delay=0 default_query_timeout=36000000 have_compress=true poll_timeout=2000 interfaces="0.0.0.0:6033" #指定轉發端口,用于連接后端mysql數據庫的,相當于代理作用 default_schema="information_schema" stacksize=1048576 server_version="5.5.30" #指定后端mysql的版本 connect_timeout_server=3000 monitor_username="monitor" monitor_password="monitor" monitor_history=600000 monitor_connect_interval=60000 monitor_ping_interval=10000 monitor_read_only_interval=1500 monitor_read_only_timeout=500 ping_interval_server_msec=120000 ping_timeout_server=500 commands_stats=true sessions_sort=true connect_retries_on_failure=10 } mysql_servers = ( ) mysql_users: ( ) mysql_query_rules: ( ) scheduler= ( ) mysql_replication_hostgroups= ( ) #因此我們使用官方推薦的方式來配置proxy sql
5、啟動服務并查看
[root@proxy ~]# /etc/init.d/proxysql startStarting ProxySQL: DONE! [root@proxy ~]# ss -lntup|grep proxy tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6032 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=23)) tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=22)) tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=21)) tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=20)) tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=19)) #可以看出轉發端口6033是啟動了四個線程
6、在mysql上配置賬號并授權
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'proxysql'@'192.168.22.%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
7、proxysql默認數據庫說明
[root@proxy ~]# yum install mysql -y [root@proxy ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h227.0.0.1 -P6032 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module) Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MySQL [(none)]> show databases; +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | seq | name | file | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | 0 | main | | | 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db | | 3 | stats | | | 4 | monitor | | | 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
main:內存配置數據庫,表里存放后端db實例、用戶驗證、路由規則等信息。表名以 runtime_開頭的表示proxysql當前運行的配置內容,不能通過dml語句修改,只能修改對應的不以 runtime_ 開頭的(在內存)里的表,然后 LOAD 使其生效, SAVE 使其存到硬盤以供下次重啟加載。
disk:是持久化到硬盤的配置,sqlite數據文件。
stats:是proxysql運行抓取的統計信息,包括到后端各命令的執行次數、流量、processlist、查詢種類匯總/執行時間等等。
monitor:庫存儲 monitor 模塊收集的信息,主要是對后端db的健康/延遲檢查。
8、proxysql的配置系統
ProxySQL具有一個復雜但易于使用的配置系統,可以滿足以下需求:
1、允許輕松動態更新配置(這是為了讓ProxySQL用戶可以在需要零宕機時間配置的大型基礎架構中使用它)。與MySQL兼容的管理界面可用于此目的。
2、允許盡可能多的配置項目動態修改,而不需要重新啟動ProxySQL進程
3、可以毫不費力地回滾無效配置
4、這是通過多級配置系統實現的,其中設置從運行時移到內存,并根據需要持久保存到磁盤。
3級配置由以下幾層組成:
參考文章:https://github.com/sysown/pro...
9、配置proxysql管理用戶
proxysql默認的表信息如下
MySQL [main]> show tables; +--------------------------------------------+ | tables | +--------------------------------------------+ | global_variables | | mysql_collations | | mysql_group_replication_hostgroups | | mysql_query_rules | | mysql_query_rules_fast_routing | | mysql_replication_hostgroups | | mysql_servers | | mysql_users | | proxysql_servers | | runtime_checksums_values | | runtime_global_variables | | runtime_mysql_group_replication_hostgroups | | runtime_mysql_query_rules | | runtime_mysql_query_rules_fast_routing | | runtime_mysql_replication_hostgroups | | runtime_mysql_servers | | runtime_mysql_users | | runtime_proxysql_servers | | runtime_scheduler | | scheduler | +--------------------------------------------+ 20 rows in set (0.00 sec) #這里是使用insert into語句來動態配置,而可以不需要重啟 MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment) values(1,'db1','3306',1,'Write Group'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) MySQL [(none)]> insert intomysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment) values(2,'db2','3307',1,'Read Group'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select * from mysql_servers; +--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+ | hostgroup_id | hostname | port | status | weight | compression | max_connections | max_replication_lag | use_ssl | max_latency_ms | comment | +--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+ | 1 | db1 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Write Group | | 2 | db2 | 3307 | ONLINE | 1 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Read Group |+--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #接下來將剛剛在mysql客戶端創建的用戶寫入到proxy sql主機的mysql_users表中,它也是用于proxysql客戶端訪問數據庫,默認組是寫組,當讀寫分離規則出現問題時,它會直接訪問默認組的數據庫。 MySQL [main]> INSERT INTO mysql_users(username,password,default_hostgroup) VALUES ('proxysql','123456',1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [main]> select * from mysql_users; +----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------------+----------------+---------------+------------------------+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------+ | username | password | active | use_ssl | default_hostgroup | default_schema | schema_locked | transaction_persistent | fast_forward | backend | frontend | max_connections | +----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------------+----------------+---------------+------------------------+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------+ | proxysql | 123456 | 1 | 0 | 1 | NULL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10000 | +----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------------+----------------+---------------+------------------------+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在mysql上添加監控的用戶
mysql> GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO 'monitor'@'192.168.22.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'monitor'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) #在proxysql主機端配置監控用戶 MySQL [main]> set mysql-monitor_username='monitor'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [main]> set mysql-monitor_password='monitor'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) #參考文章:https://github.com/sysown/proxysql/wiki/ProxySQL-Configuration
10、配置proxysql的轉發規則
MySQL [main]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(1,1,'^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$',1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) MySQL [main]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(2,1,'^SELECT',2,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [main]> select rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply from mysql_query_rules; +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+ | rule_id | active | match_digest | destination_hostgroup | apply | +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+ | 1 | 1 | ^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$ | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 1 | ^SELECT | 2 | 1 | +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #配置查詢select的請求轉發到hostgroup_id=2組上(讀組)#征對select * from table_name for update這樣的修改語句,我們是需要將請求轉到寫組,也就是hostgroup_id=1#對于其它沒有被規則匹配的請求全部轉發到默認的組(mysql_users表中default_hostgroup)
11、更新配置到RUNTIME中
由上面的配置系統層級關系可以得知所有進來的請求首先是經過RUNTIME層
MySQL [main]> load mysql users to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [main]> load mysql servers to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) MySQL [main]> load mysql query rules to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [main]> load mysql variables to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [main]> load admin variables to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
12、將所有配置保存至磁盤上
所有配置數據保存到磁盤上,也就是永久寫入/var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db這個文件中
MySQL [main]> save mysql users to disk; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) MySQL [main]> save mysql servers to disk; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) ySQL [main]> save mysql query rules to disk; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) MySQL [main]> save mysql variables to disk; Query OK, 94 rows affected (0.02 sec) MySQL [main]> save admin variables to disk; Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.02 sec) MySQL [main]> load mysql users to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
13、測試讀寫分離
[root@proxy ~]# mysql -uproxysql -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 6033 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MySQL [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | testdb | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)#這才是我們真正的數據庫啊
創建數據與表,測試讀寫分離情況
MySQL [(none)]> create database test_proxysql; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) MySQL [(none)]> use test_proxysql; Database changed MySQL [test_proxysql]> create table test_tables(name varchar(20),age int(4)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec) MySQL [test_proxysql]> insert into test_tables values('zhao','30'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec) MySQL [test_proxysql]> select * from test_tables; +------+------+ | name | age | +------+------+ | zhao | 30 | +------+------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec)
在proxysql管理端查看讀寫分離
MySQL [main]> select * from stats_mysql_query_digest; +-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+ | hostgroup | schemaname | username | digest | digest_text | count_star | first_seen | last_seen | sum_time | min_time | max_time | +-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+ | 2 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0x57CF7EC26C91DF9A | select * from test_tables |1 | 1527667635 | 1527667635 | 14253 | 14253 | 14253 | | 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x226CD90D52A2BA0B | select @@version_comment limit ? | 1 | 1527667214 | 1527667214 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0xFF9877421CFBDA6F | insert into test_tables values(?,?) | 1 | 1527667623 | 1527667623 | 89033 | 89033 | 89033 | | 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0xE662AE2DEE853B44 | create database test-proxysql | 1 | 1527667316 | 1527667316 | 8470 | 8470 | 8470 | | 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x02033E45904D3DF0 | show databases | 1 | 1527667222 | 1527667222 | 19414 | 19414 | 19414 | | 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0xB9EF28C84E4207EC | create database test_proxysql | 1 | 1527667332 | 1527667332 | 15814 | 15814 | 15814 | | 2 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x620B328FE9D6D71A | SELECT DATABASE() | 1 | 1527667342 | 1527667342 | 23386 | 23386 | 23386 | | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0x02033E45904D3DF0 | show databases | 1 | 1527667342 | 1527667342 | 2451 | 2451 | 2451 | | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0x59F02DA280268525 | create table test_tables | 1 | 1527667360 | 1527667360 | 9187 | 9187 | 9187 | | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0x99531AEFF718C501 | show tables | 1 | 1527667342 | 1527667342 | 1001 | 1001 | 1001 | | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0xC745E37AAF6095AF | create table test_tables(name varchar(?),age int(?)) | 1 | 1527667558 | 1527667558 | 68935 | 68935 | 68935 | +-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+ 11 rows in set (0.01 sec)#從上述結果就可以看出讀寫分離配置是成功的,讀請求是轉發到2組,寫請求轉發到1組
整個讀寫分離的架構配置到此就完成了,但是此架構存在需要優化的地方,那就是此架構存在單點問題。實際生產環境中可采用
看完上述內容,你們掌握ProxySQL中怎么利用MySQL實現數據庫讀寫分離的方法了嗎?如果還想學到更多技能或想了解更多相關內容,歡迎關注億速云行業資訊頻道,感謝各位的閱讀!
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