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小編給大家分享一下Linux shell腳本編程if語句怎么用,相信大部分人都還不怎么了解,因此分享這篇文章給大家參考一下,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后大有收獲,下面讓我們一起去了解一下吧!
if 語句格式
if 條件
then
Command
else
Command
fi 別忘了這個結尾
If語句忘了結尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi if 的三種條件表達式
if
command
then if
函數
then
命令執行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
執行失敗,返回非0 (grep,沒找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r ]
then 表達式結果為真,則返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r
then 表達式結果為假,則返回非0,if把非0值引向then
[ ] && ——快捷if
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
&& 可以理解為then
如果左邊的表達式為真則執行右邊的語句 shell的if與c語言if的功能上的區別
shell if c語言if
0為真,走then 正好相反,非0走then
不支持整數變量直接if
必須:if [ i –ne 0 ] 但支持字符串變量直接if
if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
支持變量直接if
if (i )
以多條command或者函數作為if 條件
代碼如下:
echo –n “input:”
read user if
多條指令,這些命令之間相當于“and”(與)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null
who -u | grep $user
then 上邊的指令都執行成功,返回值$?為0,0為真,運行then
echo "$user has logged"
else 指令執行失敗,$?為1,運行else
echo "$user has not logged"
fi
# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged
# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged 以函數作為if條件 (函數就相當于command,函數的優點是其return值可以自定義)
if
以函數作為if條件,
getyn
then 函數reture值0為真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else 函數return值非0為假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi if command 等價于 command+if $?
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi
$ sh testsh.sh
no found $ sh testsh.sh
1
no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found
傳統if 從句子——以條件表達式作為 if條件
代碼如下:
if [ 條件表達式 ]
then
command
command
command
else
command
command
fi
條件表達式
if [ -f file ] 如果文件存在
if [ -d ... ] 如果目錄存在
if [ -s file ] 如果文件存在且非空
if [ -r file ] 如果文件存在且可讀
if [ -w file ] 如果文件存在且可寫
if [ -x file ] 如果文件存在且可執行
if [ int1 -eq int2 ] 如果int1等于int2
if [ int1 -ne int2 ] 如果不等于
if [ int1 -ge int2 ] 如果>=
if [ int1 -gt int2 ] 如果>
if [ int1 -le int2 ] 如果<=
if [ int1 -lt int2 ] 如果<
字符串變量表達式
代碼如下:
If [ $a = $b ] 如果string1等于string2
字符串允許使用賦值號做等號
if [ $string1 != $string2 ] 如果string1不等于string2
if [ -n $string ] 如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true)
if [ -z $string ] 如果string 為空
if [ $sting ] 如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n類似) 條件表達式引用變量要帶$
if [ a = b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal (等于表達式沒比較$a和$b,而是比較和a和b,自然a!=b) 改正:
if [ $a = $b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal
-eq -ne -lt -nt只能用于整數,不適用于字符串,字符串等于用賦值號=
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
期望整數形式,即-eq不支持字符串 =放在別的地方是賦值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面沒有==的,那是c語言的等于
無空格的字符串,可以加" ",也可以不加
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123 = 作為等于時,其兩邊都必須加空格,否則失效
等號也是操作符,必須和其他變量,關鍵字,用空格格開 (等號做賦值號時正好相反,兩邊不能有空格)
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var="yes" ]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var = "yes" ] 在等號兩邊加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
input is correct
輸錯了也走then,都走then,為什么?
因為if把$var="yes"連讀成一個變量,而此變量為空,返回1,則走else [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
no
input error
一切正常 If [ $ANS ] 等價于 if [ -n $ANS ]
如果字符串變量非空(then) , 空(else)
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice: 回車
empth 說明“回車”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty
整數條件表達式,大于,小于,shell里沒有> 和< ,會被當作尖括號,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input a:"
read a
if [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit 整數操作符號-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 別忘了加-
if test $a ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if test $a -ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
邏輯非 ! 條件表達式的相反
if [ ! 表達式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ] 如果不存在目錄$num
邏輯與 –a 條件表達式的并列
if [ 表達式1 –a 表達式2 ]
邏輯或 -o 條件表達式的或
if [ 表達式1 –o 表達式2 ]
邏輯表達式
表達式與前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
邏輯符號就正常的接其他表達式,沒有任何括號( ),就是并列
if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]
注意邏輯與-a與邏輯或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的運算符號搞混了
最常見的賦值形式,賦值前對=兩邊的變量都進行評測
左邊測變量是否為空,右邊測目錄(值)是否存在(值是否有效)
代碼如下:
[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num" if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 如果變量$JHHOME為空,且$HOME/$num目錄存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num 則賦值
fi
echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"
-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
input is ppp
JHHOME is 目錄-d $HOME/$num 不存在,所以$JHHOME沒被then賦值
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp 一個-o的例子,其中卻揭示了”=”必須兩邊留空格的問題
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
為什么輸入不是yes,結果仍是y(走then)
因為=被連讀了,成了變量$ANS="Yes",而變量又為空,所以走else了
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read ANS echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y ===================以 test 條件表達式 作為if條件===================================
if test $num -eq 0 等價于 if [ $num –eq 0 ]
test 表達式,沒有 [ ]
if test $num -eq 0
then
echo "try again"
else
echo "good"
fi
man test
[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1) User Commands [(1) SYNOPSIS
test EXPRESSION
[ EXPRESSION ]
[-n] STRING
the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0條件
-z STRING
the length of STRING is zero
STRING1 = STRING2
the strings are equal
STRING1 != STRING2
the strings are not equal
INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2
FILE1 -nt FILE2
FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2
FILE1 -ot FILE2
FILE1 is older than FILE2
-b FILE
FILE exists and is block special
-c FILE
FILE exists and is character special
-d FILE
FILE exists and is a directory
-e FILE
FILE exists 文件存在
-f FILE
FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件
-h FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)
-L FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)
-G FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID
-O FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID
-p FILE
FILE exists and is a named pipe
-s FILE
FILE exists and has a size greater than zero
-S FILE
FILE exists and is a socket
-w FILE
FILE exists and is writable
-x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
最常用的簡化if語句
&& 如果是“前面”,則“后面”
代碼如下:
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 檢查 文件是否存在,如果存在就刪掉
|| 如果不是“前面”,則后面
代碼如下:
[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 檢驗文件是否存在,如果存在就退出
用簡化 if 和$1,$2,$3來檢測參數,不合理就調用help
代碼如下:
[ -z "$1" ] && help 如果第一個參數不存在(-z 字符串長度為0 )
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help 如果第一個參數是-h,就顯示help
例子
代碼如下:
#!/bin/sh
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth2" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth2
cp ifcfg-eth2.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth2
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1
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