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MySQL的搭設和基本的增刪改操作

發布時間:2020-08-05 06:32:24 來源:網絡 閱讀:499 作者:肖純 欄目:MySQL數據庫

MySQL
構建MySQL服務器---->CPU,內存,硬盤(存儲)
一、安裝MySQL
yum -y install perl-Data-Dumper perl-JSON perl-Time-HiRes //安裝依賴文件
mysql-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar
mysql-community-client-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-embedded-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-embedded-compat-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-embedded-devel-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-minimal-debuginfo-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-server-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-test-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh mysql-community-*.rpm //源碼包安裝
rpm -qa |grep -i mysql //查看安裝玩后狀態
查看配置文件
ls /etc/my.cnf
啟動服務
systemctl status mysqld
systemctl status mysqld
ps -C mysqld
netstat -utnalp |grep :3306

數據目錄
ls /var/lib/mysql/

grep mysql /etc/passwd 查看所有者所屬組
修改表

修改MySQL密碼
#ls /var/log/mysqld.log
#grep password /var/log/mysqld.log查看本地數據庫的初始化密碼
#rpm -qf /usr/bin/mysql
#mysql -hlocalhost -uroot -p‘密碼’
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0; //修改密碼只驗證長度
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global validate_password_length=6; //修改密碼長度為6
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter user user() identified by "123456" //修改登陸密碼

使用永久配置文件
vim /etc/my.cnf
validate_password_policy=0
validate_password_length=6

把數據存儲到數據庫服務器上的過程
1、連接數據庫服務器
客戶端自己提供連接工具(圖形 命令行)
--命令行使用mysql
2、創建庫(文件夾)
創建庫
--庫名可用數字,字母,下劃線
--不能是純數字,關鍵詞,特殊符號
create database 庫名;
查看已有庫
show databases;
刪除庫
drop database 庫名;
切換庫
use 庫名;
查看庫里已有的表
show tables; //表,相當于系統文件
查看當前所在的庫
select database();

3、建表(文件)
create table 庫名.表名(
字段名 字符類型,
字段名 數值類型,
...... name char(10)
...... age int
);
插入表記錄
insert into 庫名.表名 values(值列表);

查看表結構
describe 表名
查看表記錄
select * from 庫名.表名
刪除表記錄
delete from 庫名.表名
刪除表
drop table

mysql數據類型
支持的數據類型有那些?
--數值型:體重、身高、成績、工資
--字符型:姓名、工作單位、通信地址
--枚舉型:興趣愛好、性別
--日期時間型:出生日期、注冊時間

數值類型:整型、浮點型
根據存儲數值的范圍整型類型為:
tinyint smallint mediumint int bigint
unsigned 無符號

浮點型:根據存儲數值的范圍分為
單精度(n,m) 雙精度(n,m)
n表示總位數
m表示小數位的位數
pay float(5,2)
最大999.99
最小-999.99

mysql> create table t1(id tinyint unsigned zerofill);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.40 sec)
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | tinyint(3) unsigned zerofill | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table t2(pay float(7,2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec)

mysql> desc t2;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| pay | float(7,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table t4(
-> age float(7,2),
-> high float(3,2)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)

mysql> desc t4;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| age | float(7,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| high | float(3,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
insert into t4 values(11211,1.82);
###########################################################
字符類型
--定長:char(字符數)
最大長度255字符
不夠指定字符數時再右邊用空格補齊
字符數超出時,無法寫入數據
--varchar(字符數)
按數據實際大小分配存儲空間
字符數超出時,無法寫入數據
--大文本類型:text/blob
字符數大與65535存儲時使用
mysql> create table t8(
-> name char(10),
-> class char(7),
-> address char(15),
-> mail varchar(30)
-> );
mysql> desc t8;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| class | char(7) | YES | | NULL | |
| address | char(15) | YES | | NULL | |
| mail | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t8 values("jim","nsd1709","beijing","123456@qq.com")
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> select * from t8;
+------+---------+---------+---------------+
| name | class | address | mail |
+------+---------+---------+---------------+
| jim | nsd1709 | beijing | 123456@qq.com |
+------+---------+---------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
####################################################################
日期時間類型:
年 year YYYY 2017
日期 date YYYYMMDD 20171220
時間 time HHMMSS 155302
日期時間:
datetime YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
timestamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS

mysql> create table t9(
-> name char(10),
-> age tinyint,
-> s_year year,
-> uptime time,
-> birthday date,
-> party datetime
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.37 sec)

mysql> desc t9;
+----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| s_year | year(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| uptime | time | YES | | NULL | |
| birthday | date | YES | | NULL | |
| party | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t9 values("Tom",24,1992,073000,19920221122020,20180131122100);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.04 sec)
mysql> select * from t9;
+------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
| name | age | s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
+------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
| Tom | 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
+------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
####################################################
時間函數
now() 獲取調用次函數時的系統日期時間
sysdate() 執行時動態獲得系統日期時間
sleep(N) 休眠N秒
curdate() 獲得當前的系統日期
curtime() 獲得當前的系統時刻
month() 獲得指定時間中的月份
date() 獲得指定時間中的日期
time() 獲取指定時間中的時刻

mysql> select from t9;
+-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
| name | age | s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
+-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
| Tom | 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
| Jerry | 25 | 1991 | 06:50:55 | 1991-08-19 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
+-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t9 values("kenji",19,year(now()),time(now()),date(now()),now());
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> select
from t9;
+-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
| name | age | s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
+-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
| Tom | 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
| Jerry | 25 | 1991 | 06:50:55 | 1991-08-19 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
| kenji | 19 | 2017 | 03:55:12 | 2017-12-20 | 2017-12-20 03:55:12 |
+-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
###########################################################
枚舉類型:字段的值只能在列表的范圍內選擇
字段名 enum(值列表) 只能選擇一個值,在賦值時可用數字選擇。
字段名 set(值列表) 多選

mysql> create table t12( name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), yourlikes set("book","film","game","study") );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.43 sec)

mysql> desc t12;
+-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | NULL | |
| yourlikes | set('book','film','game','study') | YES | | NULL | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t12 values("ZhouMing","boy","book,film");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> select * from t12;
+----------+------+-----------+
| name | sex | yourlikes |
+----------+------+-----------+
| ZhouMing | boy | book,film |
+----------+------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
##############################################################
約束條件:作用限制賦值
--Null 允許為空,默認設置
--NO NULL 不允許為空
Key 索引類型
Default 設置默認值,缺省為NULL

mysql> create table t13( name char(10) not null, sex enum('man','woman') not null default "man", age tinyint not null default 23 );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.37 sec)

mysql> desc t13;
+-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('man','woman') | NO | | man | |
| age | tinyint(4) | NO | | 23 | |
+-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t13(name) values("chihiro");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> select * from t13;
+---------+-----+-----+
| name | sex | age |
+---------+-----+-----+
| chihiro | man | 23 |
+---------+-----+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#######################################################
修改表結構
mysql> alter table 表名 執行動作;

添加新字段
-add 字段(寬度)約束條件;
-add 字段(寬度)約束條件 first; //添加至表的最前面
-add 字段(寬度)約束條件 after 字段名; // 添加至指定字段名的后面

刪除字段
-drop 字段名;

修改字段類型
-modify 字段 類型(寬度) 約束條件; //不可修改為與已有值沖突的類型

修改字段名
-change 源字段名 新字段名 類型(寬度) 約束條件;

修改表名
alter table 源表名 rename 新表名

MySQL

數字類型的寬度是顯示寬度,不能夠限制給字段賦值的大小,大小由類型決定。

mysql> create table t21(
-> name char(5),
-> age int(2)
-> );
mysql> insert into t21 values("coco",1992);
mysql> select * from t21;
+------+------+
| name | age |
+------+------+
| coco | 1992 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
寬度不能限制字段大小,類型決定。可節約存儲空間,age(2)寬度是2,但賦值能大于2

mysql> create table t24(id int(2) zerofill,age int(5) zerofill);
設定寬度,不夠用0填充。(zerofii用0補位)
mysql> insert into t24 values(7,7);
mysql> select * from t24;
+------+-------+
| id | age |
+------+-------+
| 07 | 00007 |
+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#################################################################
一、mysql鍵值(限制如何給字段賦值)
1.1 普通索引index
1.1.1 什么是索引? 類似與“書的目錄”樹型目錄結構
eg:500頁----->目錄信息1-20----->正文21-500

1.1.2索引的優點
加快查詢的速度

1.1.2索引的缺點
減慢寫的速度(insert update delete)
占用物理存儲空間

1.1.3使用普通索引index
-索引使用規則
字段的值允許重復,可以賦NULL值
INDEX字段的KEY標志是MUL

-查看索引
desc 表名;
show index from 表名; //查看索引信息的具體值
創建索引
默認使用的索引類型:BTREE(二叉樹) 1-10 1-5 6-10 hash B+Tree
create index 索引名 on 表名(字段名);
1)建表時創建索引
mysql> create table t25(
-> name char(10),
-> age int,
-> sex enum("boy","girl"),
-> index(sex),
-> index(name)
-> );
mysql> desc t25;
+-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(10) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create index name on t21(name); //一般習慣將索引名與字段名相同
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
2)在已有表創建索引
mysql> desc t21;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(5) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | int(2) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create index name on t21(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
ysql> desc t21;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(5) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| age | int(2) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show index from t21\G
1. row
Table: t21
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: name
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: name
Collation: A
Cardinality: 1
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null: YES
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

刪除
drop index 索引名 on 表名;
###########################################################
primary key主鍵
注意事項
-一個表中只能有一個primary key字段
-對應的字段值不允許有重復,且不允許賦NULL值
-如果有多個字段都作為PRIMARY KEY,稱為復合主鍵,必須一起創建
-主鍵字段的KEY標志是PRI
通常與AUTO INCREMENT連用
-經常把表中能夠唯一標識記錄的字段設置為主鍵字段【記錄編號字段】
1)已有表設主鍵
mysql> drop index name on t25;
mysql> desc t25;
+-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t25;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table t25 add primary key(name); //只能有一個主鍵
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table t25 drop primary key; //刪除主鍵
2)新建表,設主鍵
mysql> create table t26(
-> name char(10),
-> age int,
-> likes set("a","b","c"),
-> primary key(name)
-> );
mysql> desc t26;
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| likes | set('a','b','c') | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
建表時上例主建加在中間也可以
eg:name char(10) primary key,
效果與t26相同
3)復合主鍵:多個字段一起做主鍵,字段不允許同時重復
mysql> create table t28( cip char(15), port smallint, status enum("allow","deny") default "deny", primary key(cip,port) );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)

mysql> desc t28;
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| cip | char(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| port | smallint(6) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| status | enum('allow','deny') | YES | | deny | |
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table t28 drop primary key; //刪除主鍵
mysql> alter table t28 add primary key(cip,port); //添加主鍵

4)與auto_increment 連用
字段值自動增長
eg: id name age class
jim 21 1709
讓id字段的值自動增長 +1
條件:主鍵并且是數字
mysql> create table t29(
-> id int(2) zerofill primary key auto_increment,
-> name char(10),
-> class char(10),
-> index(name)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)

mysql> desc t29;
+-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(2) unsigned zerofill | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | char(10) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| class | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("tom","1709");
mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("jerry","1709");
mysql> insert into t29 values(9,"jack","1709"); //可自己賦值id,但id屬于主鍵,不能同名
mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("rose","1709"); //自動增長會選擇數字最大的值進行自動增長,之前設置id=9,再開啟自動增長則為10
mysql> select * from t29;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name | class |
+----+-------+-------+
| 01 | tom | 1709 |
| 02 | jerry | 1709 |
| 09 | jack | 1709 |
| 10 | rose | 1709 |
+----+-------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table t29 drop primary key; //無法刪除主鍵,因為id設置為auto_increment自動增長,該命令必須是主鍵才可設立。
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
mysql> alter table t29 modify id int; //修改字段類型,取消自動增長
mysql> alter table t29 drop primary key; //刪除主鍵成功
Query OK, 4 rows affected (1.00 sec)
##########################################################
UNIQUE唯一索引
唯一索引不可賦相同值 ,可以為NULL
1)建表的時候指定UNIQUE字段
mysql> create table t211( stu_id char(9), name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), unique(stu_id) ); 指定學號為唯一索引
mysql> desc t211;
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| stu_id | char(9) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#########################################################
mysql> create table t212( stu_id char(9) not NULL, name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), unique(stu_id) );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)
//指定stu_id為唯一索引,但不允許它為空值,則描述信息顯示stu_id為RPI,但實際上主鍵不存在也無法刪除
mysql> desc t212;
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| stu_id | char(9) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#######################################
練習
mysql> desc stuinfo
+-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| name | varchar(15) | YES | | NULL | |
| class | char(7) | YES | | NULL | |
| party | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
alter table stuinfo add stu_id char(7) first
create ubique index stu_id on stuinfo(name)
alter table stuinfo add id int(2) zerofill primary key auto_increment;
###############################################################
外鍵
foreign key(字段名) references 表名(字段名)on uptate cascade on delete cascade 同步更新,同步刪除
作用:限制給字段賦值的,值必須在指定表中指定字段值的范圍里選擇
mysql> create table jfb(
-> id int(2) primary key auto_increment,
-> name char(10),
-> pay float(7,2)
-> )engine=innodb;
建立參照表
insert into jfb(name,pay)values("tom",20000),("lucy",20000);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.07 sec)

mysql> create table xsb( num int(2), name char(10), class char(9), foreign key(num) references jfb(id) on update cascade on delete cascade )engine=innodb;

同步修改
update 表名 set 字段名=值 where 條件; //條件就是原有的(字段名=值)
同步刪除
delete from 表名 where 條件;
被參考的表不能隨意刪除

刪除外鍵字段
show create table 表名;
alter table 表名 drop foreign key 外鍵名;

eg:

本案例要求熟悉MySQL索引的類型及操作方法,主要練習以下任務:
普通索引、唯一索引、主鍵索引的創建/刪除
自增主鍵索引的創建/刪除
建立員工表yg、工資表gz,設置外鍵實現同步更新與同步刪除
實現此案例需要按照如下步驟進行。
步驟一:索引的創建與刪除

創建表的時候指定INDEX索引字段
創建庫home:
mysql> create database home;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
允許有多個INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home庫中創建了tea4表,將其中的id、name作為索引字段:
mysql> USE home;
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea4(
-> id char(6) NOT NULL,
-> name varchar(6) NOT NULL,
-> age int(3) NOT NULL,
-> gender ENUM('boy','girl') DEFAULT 'boy',
-> INDEX(id),INDEX(name)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
查看新建tea4表的字段結構,可以發現兩個非空索引字段的KEY標志為MUL:
mysql> DESC tea4;
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| name | varchar(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2)刪除現有表的某個INDEX索引字段
比如,刪除tea4表中名稱為named的INDEX索引字段:
mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4; //刪除name字段的索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea4; //確認刪除結果
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)在已有的某個表中設置INDEX索引字段
比如,針對tea4表的age字段建立索引,名稱為 nianling:
mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age); //針對指定字段創建索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea4; //確認創建結果
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
+--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)查看指定表的索引信息
使用SHOW INDEX 指令:
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4\G
1. row
Table: tea4
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: id
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE //使用B樹算法
Comment:
Index_comment:
2. row
Table: tea4
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: nianling //索引名稱
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: age //字段名稱
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
Index_comment:
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5)創建表的時候指定UNIQUE索引字段
UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一個表中可以有多個字段具有唯一性。
比如,創建tea5表,將id、name字段建立設置UNIQUE索引,age字段設置INDEX索引:
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5(
-> id char(6),
-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
-> age int(3) NOT NULL,
-> UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
查看新建tea5表的字段結構,可發現UNIQUE字段的KEY標志為UNI;另外,由于字段name必須滿足“NOT NULL”的非空約束,所以將其設置為UNIQUE后會自動變成了PRIMARY KEY主鍵字段:
mysql> DESC tea5; //確認設置結果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
6)刪除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中設置UNIQUE索引字段
先刪除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(與刪除INDEX索引的方法相同):
mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5; //清除UNIQUE索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea5; //確認刪除結果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
重新為tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并確認結果:
mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name); //建立UNIQUE索引
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea5; //確認設置結果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7)建表時設置PRIMARY KEY主鍵索引
主鍵索引實際上在前面已經接觸過了,建表的時候可以直接指定。如果表內一開始沒有主鍵字段,則新設置的非空UNIQUE字段相當于具有PRIMARY KEY主鍵約束。
每個表中的主鍵字段只能有一個。
建表的時候,可以直接在某個字段的“約束條件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某個字段名)。比如:
mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01(
-> id int(4) PRIMARY KEY, //直接在字段定義時約束
-> name varchar(8)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
或者:
mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02(
-> id int(4),
-> name varchar(8),
-> PRIMARY KEY(id) //所有字段定義完,最后指定
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
在建表的時候,如果主鍵字段為int類型,還可以為其設置AUTO_INCREMENT自增屬性,這樣當添加新的表記錄時,此字段的值會自動從1開始逐個增加,無需手動指定。比如,新建一個tea6表,將id列作為自增的主鍵字段:
mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6(
-> id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
-> age int(2) NOT NULL,
-> PRIMARY KEY(id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
8)刪除現有表的PRIMARY KEY主鍵索引
如果要移除某個表的PRIMARY KEY約束,需要通過ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作將清除biao01表的主鍵索引。
清除前(主鍵為id):
mysql> DESC biao01;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
清除操作:
mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
清除后(無主鍵):
mysql> DESC biao01;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
當嘗試刪除tea6表的主鍵時,會出現異常:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
這是因為tea6表的主鍵字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增屬性,提示這種字段必須作為主鍵存在,因此若要清除此主鍵必須先清除自增屬性——修改id列的字段定義:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.75 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
然后再清除主鍵屬性就OK了:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY; //清除主鍵
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc tea6; //確認清除結果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
9)為現有表添加PRIMARY KEY主鍵索引
重新為tea6表指定主鍵字段,仍然使用id列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id); //設置主鍵字段
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> DESC tea6; //確認設置結果
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步驟二:創建數據庫并設置外鍵實現同步更新與同步刪除

根據實驗任務要求,兩個表格的字段結構如表-1、表-2所示。
1)創建yg表,用來記錄員工工號、姓名
其中yg_id列作為主鍵,并設置自增屬性
mysql> CREATE TABLE yg(
-> yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name char(16) NOT NULL,
-> PRIMARY KEY(yg_id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
2)創建gz表,用來記錄員工的工資信息
其中gz_id需要參考員工工號,即gz表的gz_id字段設為外鍵,將yg表的yg_id字段作為參考鍵:
mysql> CREATE TABLE gz(
-> gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
-> name char(16) NOT NULL,
-> gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-> INDEX(name),
-> FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id)
-> ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
3)為yg表添加2條員工信息記錄
因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT屬性,會自動填充,所以只要為name列賦值就可以了。
插入表記錄可使用INSERT指令,這里先執行下列操作,具體在下一章學習:
mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES('Jerry'),('Tom');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.16 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
確認yg表的數據記錄:
mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
+-------+-------+
| yg_id | name |
+-------+-------+
| 1 | Jerry |
| 2 | Tom |
+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)為gz表添加2條工資信息記錄
同上,數據參考圖-2,插入相應的工資記錄(gz_id字段未指定默認值,也未設置自增屬性,所以需要手動賦值):
mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz)
-> VALUES(1,'Jerry',12000),(2,'Tom',8000)
-> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
確認gz表的數據記錄:
mysql> SELECT
FROM gz;
+-------+-------+----------+
| gz_id | name | gz |
+-------+-------+----------+
| 1 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
| 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
+-------+-------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.05 sec)
5)驗證表記錄的UPDATE更新聯動
將yg表中Jerry用戶的yg_id修改為1234:
mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name='Jerry';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
確認修改結果:
mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
+-------+-------+
| yg_id | name |
+-------+-------+
| 2 | Tom |
| 1234 | Jerry |
+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
同時也會發現,gz表中Jerry用戶的gz_id也跟著變了:
mysql> SELECT
FROM gz;
+-------+-------+----------+
| gz_id | name | gz |
+-------+-------+----------+
| 1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
| 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
+-------+-------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6)驗證表記錄的DELETE刪除聯動
刪除yg表中用戶Jerry的記錄:
mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name='Jerry';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
確認刪除結果:
mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
+-------+------+
| yg_id | name |
+-------+------+
| 2 | Tom |
+-------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看gz表中的變化(Jerry的記錄也沒了):
mysql> SELECT
FROM gz;
+-------+------+---------+
| gz_id | name | gz |
+-------+------+---------+
| 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
+-------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7)刪除指定表的外鍵約束
先通過SHOW指令獲取表格的外鍵約束名稱:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G
1. row
Table: gz
Create Table: CREATE TABLE gz (
gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
name char(16) NOT NULL,
gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
KEY name (name),
KEY gz_id (gz_id),
CONSTRAINT gz_ibfk_1 FOREIGN KEY (gz_id) REFERENCES yg (yg_id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
其中gz_ibfk_1即刪除外鍵約束時要用到的名稱。
刪除操作:
mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
確認刪除結果:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz\G
1. row
Table: gz
Create Table: CREATE TABLE gz (
gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
name char(16) NOT NULL,
gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
KEY name (name),
KEY gz_id (gz_id)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
##################################################

MySQL存儲引擎

mysql服務體系結構:(8個功能模塊)
連接池
sql接口
分析器
優化器
查詢緩存
存儲引擎
文件系統
查看數據庫服務支持的存儲引擎
mysql> show engines;

設置默認存儲引擎
vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
... ...
default-storage-engine=InnoDB
常用的存儲引擎為InnoDB和MyISAM

create table 表名(約束條件) ENGINE=存儲引擎名

常用存儲引擎的特點
MyISAM
表.MYI 索引信息
表.MYD 數據
表.frm 表結構
支持表級鎖(鎖一張表)
不支持事務 事務回滾

InnoDB存儲引擎
表.idb 索引信息+數據
表.frm 表結構
支持行級鎖(只給當前被訪問的行加鎖)
支持事務 事務回滾

MySQL鎖機制
鎖粒度:表級鎖、行級鎖、頁級鎖
鎖類型:讀鎖(select)和寫鎖(insert delete update)

事務:訪問數據從開始到結束的過程
事務回滾:一次訪問過程中,任意一步執行失敗,都會恢復所有操作
事務的特性:一致性 原子性 隔離性
事務日志文件:記錄對innodb存儲引擎的表執行過的操作
工作中如何決定表使用的存儲引擎
接收寫操作多的表適合使用innodb存儲引擎
接收讀操作多的表適合使用myisam存儲引擎

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