Oracle管理

一、客戶端連接服務器
1.查看服務器監聽程序配置文件（先不用改動）
[root@oracle/]#su - oracle
[oracle@oracle~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
[oracle@oracleadmin]$ vim listener.ora

2.查看服務器的實例名
SQL> select instance_name from v$instance;

INSTANCE_NAME

Orcl

3.設置客戶端配置文件tnsnames.ora
ORCL = //ORCL即為連接標識符
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rhel1.benet.com)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SID = orcl)
)
4.連接實例
請輸入用戶名: sys/123456@orcl as sysdba
5.停止監聽器
[oracle@rhel1 admin]$lsnrctl stop listener
6.再連接

請輸入用戶名: sys/123456@orcl as sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-12541: TNS: 無監聽程序

7、再創建一個監聽器，同時做靜態注冊，并進行連接
①.創建新的監聽器
LISTENER1 =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1522))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rhel1.benet.com)(PORT = 1522))
)
)
SID_LIST_LISTENER1 =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = orcl)
(ORACLE_HOME = /opt/oracle/product/11.2/db_1)
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = orclabc)
)//所有()前面至少加一個空格
)
②.重新加載配置文件（可以省略）
[oracle@rhel1 admin]$lsnrctl reload
③.啟動listener1監聽器
The command completed successfully
[oracle@rhel1 admin]$lsnrctl start listener1
④.在客戶機上修改tnsnames.ora配置文件
ORCL =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rhel1.benet.com)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SID = orcl)
)
)
ORCL1 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rhel1.benet.com)(PORT = 1522))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SID = orcl)
)
)
⑤.在客戶機上連接連接listener1監聽器
請輸入用戶名: sys/123456@orcl1 as sysdba

連接到:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

二?管理控制文件
1.獲得控制文件信息
SQL> select name from v$controlfile;

NAME

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl

2.獲取控制文件中包含的內容
SQL> select type,record_size,records_total,records_used from v$controlfile_record_section;
3.創建多路復用控制文件
①先創建存放控制文件的目錄，并更改屬主位oracle
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$su - root
[root@rhel1 ~]#mkdir -p /backup1/control
[root@rhel1 ~]#mkdir -p /backup2/control
[root@rhel1 ~]#chown -R oracle /backup1
[root@rhel1 ~]#chown -R oracle /backup2
②在數據庫仍然打開時，修改spfile中的contro_files參數
[root@rhel1 ~]#su - oracle
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$sqlplus sys/123456 as sysdba
SQL> alter system set
2 control_files=
3 '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl',
4 '/backup1/control/control02.ctl',
5 '/backup2/control/control03.ctl' scope=spfile;
③關閉數據庫
SQL> shutdown immediate;
④使用操作系統命令將文件復制到新的位置
SQL> quit;
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /backup1/control/control02.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /backup2/control/control03.ctl
⑤重新啟動數據庫
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$sqlplus sys/123456 as sysdba
SQL>startup
4.備份與恢復控制文件
方法一：直接用現有的完好的控制文件覆蓋損壞或丟失的控制文件
①模擬故障，停止數據庫，刪除控制文件
sql>shutdown immediat
sql>quit
$rm -f /badkup1/control/control02.ctl
②啟動數據庫
sql>startup 觀察現象
③恢復控制文件
sql>shutdown abort;
sql>quit
$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl /backup1/control/control02.ctl
④再次啟動數據庫
sql>startup
方法二：利用專用的備份數據庫語句
①創建備份
SQL> quit
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$su - root
[root@rhel1 ~]#mkdir /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup
[root@rhel1 ~]#chown -R oracle /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to '/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/control.bkp';
②模擬故障
SQL> shutdown immediate
SQL> quit
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$ rm backup1/control/control02.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$sqlplus sys/123456 as sysdba
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 780824576 bytes
Fixed Size 2217424 bytes
Variable Size 490736176 bytes
Database Buffers 281018368 bytes
Redo Buffers 6852608 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info
③恢復控制文件
? 使用os命令復制備份文件到原來的路徑，為了保持一致，將沒有丟失的控制文件也恢復一份
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$cp/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/control.bkp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 orcl]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/control.bkp /backup1/control/control02.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 orcl]$ cp /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup/control.bkp /backup2/control/control03.ctl
[oracle@rhel1 orcl]$sqlplus sys/123456 as sysdba
SQL> alter database mount;
? 查看當前活動的日志文件
SQL> startup mount;
SQL> select group#,sequence#,archived,status from v$log;
GROUP# SEQUENCE# ARCHIV STATUS

 1      4 NO     INACTIVE
 3      6 NO     CURRENT
 2      5 NO     INACTIVE

? 利用控制文件來恢復數據庫
SQL> select group#,status,type,member from v$logfile;
SQL> recover database using backup controlfile;
ORA-00279: change 1039911 generated at 05/30/2017 12:55:30 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion :
/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/archivelog/2017_05_30/o1_mf_16%u_.arc
ORA-00280: change 1039911 for thread 1 is in sequence #6 //根據提示在下面輸入當前的日志文件
/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log
? 打開數據庫
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
resetlogs選項的意思是要打開數據時，重置重做日志，即將重做日志的sequence置零

三.管理重做日志文件

1. 使用v$log查看重做日志信息
   [oracle@oracle~]$sqlplus / as sysdba
   SQL> select group#,sequence#,bytes,members,archived,status from v$log;

   GROUP# SEQUENCE# BYTES MEMBERS ARCHIVED

   ---

   STATUS

   1 4 209715200 1 NO
   CURRENT

   2 2 209715200 1 NO
   INACTIVE

   3 3 209715200 1 NO
   INACTIVE

2.使用v$logfile查看重做日志組信息
SQL> select group#,status,type,member from v$logfile;

GROUP# STATUS        TYPE

MEMBER

 3           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log

 2           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log

 1           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log

3.創建重做日志組
SQL> quit[oracle@oracle~]$su
br/>[oracle@oracle~]$su
[root@oracleoracle]#mkdir -p /backup/orcl/log
[root@oracleoracle]#chown -R oracle /backup
[oracle@oracle~]$sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> alter database add logfile group 4
('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo04a.log',
'/backup/orcl/log/redo04b.log') size 10m;
數據庫已更改。

4.刪除重做日志組4（只是刪除了日志組，日志文件并沒有刪除）
①刪除之前先查看下，然后再刪除
SQL> select group#,sequence#,bytes,members,archived,status from v$log;

GROUP#  SEQUENCE#      BYTES    MEMBERS ARCHIVED

STATUS

 1  4  209715200      1 NO

CURRENT

 2  2  209715200      1 NO

INACTIVE

 3  3  209715200      1 NO

INACTIVE

GROUP#  SEQUENCE#      BYTES    MEMBERS ARCHIVED

STATUS

 4      0   10485760      2 YES

UNUSED

SQL> alter database drop logfile group 4;

數據庫已更改。
說明：
① 當前的日志組不能刪除，要刪除當前日志組需要先對當前日志組進行切換，使用命令為alter system switch logfile
② 活動的日志組不可以刪除
③ 沒有歸檔的日志組不可以刪除（前提是已經運行在歸檔模式）

5.添加/刪除重做日志文件，分別向日志組1和2添加一個日志文件
①添加重做日志文件
SQL> alter database add logfile member
2 '/backup/orcl/log/redo01a.log' to group 1,
3 '/backup/orcl/log/redo02b.log' to group 2;

數據庫已更改。

②刪除日志文件
SQL> alter database drop logfile member
'/backup/orcl/log/redo02b.log';

數據庫已更改。
③查看日志文件
SQL> select group#,status,type,member from v$logfile;

GROUP# STATUS        TYPE

MEMBER

 3           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log

 2           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log

 1           ONLINE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log

GROUP# STATUS        TYPE

MEMBER

 1 INVALID       ONLINE

/backup/orcl/log/redo01a.log

說明：
? 不能刪除當前組的成員，若要刪除則先執行強制性切換重做日志的命令
? 活動的日志成員不可以刪除
? 沒有歸檔的日志文件不能刪除（前提是已運行在歸檔模式下）
? 當日志組只有一個成員

6.日志切換和檢查點時間
①強制切換日志文件
SQL> alter system swith logfile;
②強制產生檢查點事件
SQL> alter system checkpoint;

四?管理歸檔日志文件

1. 配置數據庫歸檔日志
   ① 查看數據庫歸檔模式，確定當前不處于歸檔模式
   SQL> archive log list;
   數據庫日志模式 非存檔模式
   自動存檔 禁用
   存檔終點 /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/arch
   最早的聯機日志序列 2
   當前日志序列 4

② 關閉數據庫并啟動數據庫到mount狀態
SQL> shutdown immediate
數據庫已經關閉。
已經卸載數據庫。
ORACLE 例程已經關閉。
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE 例程已經啟動。

Total System Global Area 1593835520 bytes
Fixed Size 8793256 bytes
Variable Size 1023411032 bytes
Database Buffers 553648128 bytes
Redo Buffers 7983104 bytes
數據庫裝載完畢。

③ 將數據庫設置為歸檔模式并查看歸檔模式是否改變
SQL> alter database archivelog;

數據庫已更改。

SQL> archive log list;
數據庫日志模式 存檔模式
自動存檔 啟用
存檔終點 /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/arch
最早的聯機日志序列 2
下一個存檔日志序列 4
當前日志序列 4
SQL> alter database open ;

數據庫已更改。

④ 查看歸檔日志文件的路徑
查看當前有效的歸檔日志文件存儲目錄
SQL> selectdest_id,dest_name,status,destination from v$archive_dest ;
DEST_ID

DEST_NAME

STATUS

DESTINATION

 1

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1
VALID
/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/arch

DEST_ID

DEST_NAME

STATUS

DESTINATION

 2

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2
INACTIVE//省略部分信息
SQL> select dest_id,name,archived from v$archived_log;
DEST_ID NAME ARCHIV
1/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/archivelog/2016_11_19/o1_mf_1_8d2yh7kfx.arc YES
⑤ 改歸檔日志文件存放路徑
[root@oracleserver~]#mkdir /aa
[root@oracleserver~]#chown -R oracle /aa
[root@oracleserver~]#su – oracle
[oracle@oracleserver~]$sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest='/aa' scope=spfile;

實驗五：數據字典管理
1.創建一個班級表空間，空間大小為100m，數據文件放在/data目錄下
[root@rhel1 ~]#mkdir /data
[root@rhel1 ~]#chown -R oracle /data
[root@rhel1 ~]#su - oracle
[oracle@rhel1 ~]$sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> create tablespace t374
datafile '/data/t374.dbf' size 100m；
2.創建本人用戶，默認表空間為班級表空間
SQL> create user name
identified by 123456
default tablespace t374;

3. 授予其連接數據庫和創建以及創建視圖表的權限
   SQL> grant connect,resource,create view to name;
4. 切換稱本人賬戶并創建表student,表里包含name和passwd字段
   SQL>SQL> conn name;
   SQL> create table student
   (name varchar(10),
   passwd varchar(20));
   5.創建視圖student_view
   SQL> create view student_view
   2 as
   3 select * from student;

6.查詢當前用戶有哪些表
SQL> desc user_tables;
SQL>select * from user_tables;
SQL> select table_name fromuser_tables;
TABLE_NAME

STUDENT
7.查看當前用戶有哪些視圖
SQL> desc user_views;
SQL> select view_name fromuser_views;
VIEW_NAME

STUDENT_VIEW
8.查詢當前用戶有哪些數據庫對象
SQL> select object_name from user_objects;
OBJECT_NAME

STUDENT_VIEW
STUDENT
9.查詢當前用戶的信息，包括用戶id，用戶狀態，默認表空間
①查看表結構
SQL> desc user_users;
Name Null? Type

USERNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
USER_ID NOT NULL NUMBER
ACCOUNT_STATUS NOT NULL VARCHAR2(32)
LOCK_DATE DATE
EXPIRY_DATE DATE
DEFAULT_TABLESPACE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
CREATED NOT NULL DATE
INITIAL_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP VARCHAR2(30)
EXTERNAL_NAME
②格式化輸出
SQL> col user_id for 999
SQL> col account_status for a10
SQL> col default_tablespace for a30
③查詢
SQL> select user_id,account_status,default_tablespace from user_users;

USER_ID ACCOUNT_ST DEFAULT_TABLESPACE

 91 OPEN       T374

10.查詢當前用戶能訪問的所有對象
SQL> select owner,object_name,object_type from all_objects;
11.查詢所有的數據字典，并查詢所有的以user開頭的所有表
SQL> desc dictionary;
Name Null? Type

TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
COMMENTS VARCHAR2(4000)
SQL> select table_name from dictionary where table_name like 'USER%';
12.查看scott用戶的表和表空間
SQL> col owner for a10
SQL> col table_namefor a20
SQL> col tablespace_name for a30
SQL> select owner,table_name,tablespace_name from dba_tables where owner='SCOTT';
OWNER TABLE_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME

SCOTT DEPT USERS
SCOTT EMP USERS
SCOTT BONUS USERS
SCOTT SALGRADE USERS

實驗六：動態數據字典
1.查看和日志文件相關的信息（注意大寫）
SQL> select * from v$fixed_table where name like 'v$LOG%';
2.查看日志組狀態信息
SQL> select group#,members,archived,status from v$log;
GROUP# MEMBERS ARCHIV STATUS

 1      1 NO     INACTIVE
 2      1 NO     INACTIVE
 3      1 NO     CURRENT

3.查看日志文件信息
SQL> col type for a10
SQL> col group# for 99
SQL> select * fromv$logfile;
GROUP# STATUS TYPE MEMBER IS_REC

 3            ONLINE     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log      NO
 2            ONLINE     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log      NO
 1            ONLINE     /opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log      NO

4.查看當前正在使用的重做日志文件的信息
SQL> select l.group#,l.archived,l.status,lf.type,lf.member from v$log l, v$logfilelf where l.group#=lf.group#;

GROUP# ARCHIV STATUS TYPE

MEMBER

 3 NO     INACTIVE                 ONLINE

/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log

 2 NO     INACTIVE                 ONLINE

/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log

 1 NO     CURRENT                  ONLINE

/opt/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log
5.查看實例信息
SQL> col instance_name for a20;
SQL> col host_name for a10
SQL> select instance_name,host_name,version,startup_time,logins from v$instance;

INSTANCE_NAME HOST_NAME VERSION STARTUP_TIME

LOGINS

orcl rhel1.bene 11.2.0.1.0 30-MAY-17
t.com
ALLOWED
6.查看數據庫信息
SQL> col name for a10;
SQL> select name,created,log_mode from v$database;

NAME CREATED LOG_MODE

ORCL 30-MAY-17 NOARCHIVELOG