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mkdir djanad
cd djanad/
pyenv virtualenv 3.6.5 djanad
pyenv local djanad結果如下
pip install django==2.1django-admin startproject demo .
django-admin startapp app結果如下
數據庫配置如下
基本時區和mysql配置及相關時區配置請看django基礎
https://blog.51cto.com/11233559/2444627
啟動結果如下
django內置了自己的模板引擎，和jinjia 很像，使用簡單
使用 Template 進行定義模板，使用Context 將數據導入到該模板中，其導入默認使用字典
django 默認會去到app_name/templates下尋找模板，這是settings中的默認設置，默認會去app_name/static找那個尋找靜態文件(css,js,jpg,html)等
在 app/models.py 中創建數據庫表模板,具體配置如下：
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
# 問題
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
def __str__(self):
return self.question_text
# 選擇
# 配置選擇為問題的外鍵，并配置選擇的內容和選擇的起始值
class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=Question)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
def __str__(self):
return self.choice_text
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate結果如下
創建后臺登陸用戶，設置用戶名為admin，密碼為admin@123
app/admin.py中添加
# Register your models here.
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Question, Choice
# Register your models here.
class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
model = Choice
extra = 3
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
fieldsets = [
(None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
('Date information', {'fields': ['pub_date'], 'classes': ['collapse']}),
]
inlines = [ChoiceInline]
list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date')
admin.site.register(Choice)
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)url : localhost:port/admin/
demo/setting.py 中配置添加
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static')
]項目中創建static 并上傳圖片django.jpg
demo/urls.py中配置如下
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls",namespace="app")), #此處配置名稱空間，用于處理后面的翻轉
]
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/$', views.index, name="index"), # name 指定名稱，
]
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.template import Template, Context
from . import models
from django.http import HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
template = Template("""
<img src="/static/django.jpg">
{% if lastes_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in lastes_question_list %}
<li> <a href="/app/ {{question.id}}/"> {{ question.question_text }} </a> </li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
""")
context = Context({"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list})
return HttpResponse(template.render(context))訪問配置，結果如下
index 代碼如下
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>測試數據</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="/static/django.jpg">
{% if lastes_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in lastes_question_list %}
<li>
<a href="/app/{{question.id}}/"> {{question.question_text}} </a>
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif%}
</body>
</html>app/view.py 中代碼如下
from . import models
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
template = loader.get_template("app/index.html")
context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
return HttpResponse(template.render(context))from . import models
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
return render(request, template_name="app/index.html", context=context)根據根路由中注冊的namespace和子路由中注冊的name來動態獲取路徑。在模板中使用"{% url namespace:name %}"
如果攜帶位置參數
“{% url namespace:name args %}"
如果攜帶關鍵字參數
“{% url namespace:name k1=v1 k2=v2 %}"
配置 詳情頁面添加數據
app/view.py 中添加數據如下
from . import models
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
return render(request, template_name="app/index.html", context=context)
def detal(request, question_id):
detal = models.Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
context = {"detal": detal}
return render(request, template_name="app/detal.html", context=context)
app/urls.py中如下
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/$', views.index, name="index"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$', views.detal, name="detal"),# name 指定名稱，用于后面的反向解析
]
]
詳情頁html 配置如下
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>測試數據</title>
</head>
<body>
{% if detal %}
<h2>{{ detal.question_text }}</h2>
{% for question in detal.choice_set.all %}
<li>
{{ question.votes }}
{{ question.choice_text }}
</li>
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
</body>
</html>index.html 修改如下
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
{% load static %}
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>測試數據</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="{% static 'django.jpg'%}">
{% if lastes_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in lastes_question_list %}
<li>
<a href="{% url 'detal' question.id %}"> {{question.question_text}} </a>
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif%}
</body>
</html>此處的app:vote 是對應的namespace 和 name ，及名稱空間和名稱
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>測試數據</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>{{ detal.question_text }}</h2>
<p>
<strong>{{error_message}}</strong>
</p>
<form action="{% url 'app:vote' detal.id %}" method="post">
{% for choice in detal.choice_set.all %}
<input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice {{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}"/>
<label for="choice {{ forloop.counter }}"> {{ choice.choice_text }} </label>
<br/>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="投票"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>from . import models
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, reverse
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
return render(request, template_name="app/index.html", context=context)
# 詳情頁面
def detal(request, question_id):
detal = models.Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
context = {"detal": detal}
return render(request, template_name="app/detal.html", context=context)
# 投票結果顯示
def vote(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(models.Question, pk=question_id)
if request.method == "POST":
choice_id = request.POST.get('choice', 0)
try:
selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=choice_id)
except models.Choice.DoesNotExist:
return render(request, 'app/detal.html', {
'qestion': question,
"error_message": "You didn't select a choice",
})
else:
selected_choice.votes += 1
selected_choice.save()
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('app:results', args=(question.id,)))
# 投票結果顯示
def results(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(models.Question, pk=question_id)
print(question, type(question))
return render(request, 'app/results.html', {"question": question})
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h2> {{ question.question_text }} </h2>
<h2> 測試 </h2>
<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
<li>
{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote {{ choice.votes |pluralize }}
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
</body>
</html>
def test(request):
# return HttpResponse('Not Found', status=404)
return HttpResponseNotFound('Not Found')
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls"), {"question_id": 1}), # 此處配置直接捕獲question_id 進行處理
url(r'^test/$', test)
]上述兩種返回錯誤方式結果相同
在url中導入，在其他頁面使用即可
在 demo/urls.py中導入
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotFound
def test(request):
return HttpResponse('Not Found', status=404)
handler404 = 'demo.views.my_custom_page_not_found_view'
handler500 = 'demo.views.my_custom_error_found_view'
handler403 = 'demo.views.my_custom_permission_denied_view'
handler400 = 'demo.views.my_custom_bad_request_request_view'
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls")), # 此處配置直接捕獲question_id 進行處理
url(r'^test/$', test)
]demo/views.py中配置如下
from django.http import HttpResponse
def my_custom_page_not_found_view(request):
return HttpResponse("頁面不存在", status=404)
def my_custom_error_found_view(request):
return HttpResponse("服務器錯誤", status=500)
def my_custom_permission_denied_view(request):
return HttpResponse("拒絕訪問", status=403)
def my_custom_bad_request_request_view(request):
return HttpResponse("請求錯誤", status=400)
此處需要將demo/setting.py 中的DEBUG修改為False,才會出現此處定義的情況
結果如下
用于渲染模板和傳遞參數
def render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None):
"""
Returns a HttpResponse whose content is filled with the result of calling
django.template.loader.render_to_string() with the passed arguments.
"""
content = loader.render_to_string(template_name, context, request, using=using)
return HttpResponse(content, content_type, status)選項：
request : 請求參數
template_name：對應的html模板名稱
context：渲染模板的context字典，默認是空 {}
content_type : Response MIME type,默認使用DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE 設置
用于頁面跳轉
def redirect(to, *args, **kwargs):
pass 選項
to ：
此選項可以是
1 模塊
2 視圖名稱
3 absolute或者回調 urlperments 是否永久重定向
為 True 表示永久重定向，否則表示臨時重定向
當對象不存在時返回特定頁面404
def get_object_or_404(class, *args, **kwargs):
pass 第一個參數： 可為Model中對應的數據庫表類，后面可為對應的過濾方法
question = get_object_or_404(models.Question, pk=question_id)當對象執行成功時，返回對應的值，否則返回404 錯誤
當對象不存在時返回特定頁面404
question = get_list_or_404(models.Question, pk=question_id)require_http_methods(request_method_list)
用于限制請求類型，在此中以列表的形式顯示
require_GET()
用于限制請求類型為GET請求
require_POST()
用于限制請求類型為POST 請求
require_safe()
用于限制安全的請求，如get和head
gzip_page()
用于啟用gzip壓縮功能
cache_control(**kwargs)
緩存相關函數
never_cache()
用于配置永久不緩存
login_required()
用于處理登錄后的用戶才能訪問對應的屬性
1 項目啟動后根據 setting ROOT_URLCONF 決定跟URLconf，默認是object中的urls.py
2 它是django.conf.urls.url()實例的一個python 列表
3 django 依次匹配每個URL模式，在于請求的URL匹配的第一個模式停下來。
4 一旦其中的一個正則表達式匹配上，django將導入并調用給出的視圖，它是一個簡單的python函數(或者一個基于類的視圖)。視圖將獲得如下參數：
一個HttpRequest 實例。
如果匹配的正則表達式返回來了沒有命名的組，那么正則表達式匹配的內容將作為位置參數提供給視圖。
關鍵字參數由正則表達式匹配的命名組成，但是可以被django.conf.urls.url()的可選參數kwargs 覆蓋。
5 如果沒有匹配到正則表達式，或者如果過程中拋出一個異常，django將調用一個適當的錯誤處理試圖。
Middlewares: 過濾函數，俗稱過濾器，在執行之前和執行之后進行某些操作
app namespace
instance namespace
app/urls.py
app_name='app' # 此中方式和在demo/urls.py中的
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls",namespace="app")), 作用相同命名空間的作用主要用作隔離
上述表示使用了此配置后，此配置文件中的所有數據都在此名稱空間下，在使用url時，需要在其上面加上名稱空間的名稱
instance 級別，名稱不可以重復
在demo/urls.py中的
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls",namespace="app")), 用于在項目的urls.py中的include()中指定，作用和上面的相同，均可用于反向解析
說明:
app namespace 使用場景: 通常使用此方式 ，除非有多個include則使用instance namespace
如果在你的代碼中，需要使用一些類似url模板標簽，Django提供了下列功能：
正解析: url ->view
反解析: view name -> url
此函數用于通過url中指定的name來返回對應的url
格式如下
reverse(viewname,urlconf=None,args=None,Kwargs=None,current_app=None)
viewname 可以是一個url模式名稱或一個可調用的視圖對象
懶加載下的 reverse
格式如下：
reverse_lazy(viewname, urlconf=None, args=None, kwargs=None, current_app=None)
作用：
提供反向URL作為url基于類的通用視圖的屬性。
向裝飾器提供反向URL（例如裝飾器的login_url參數django.contrib.auth.decorators.permission_required() ）。
提供反向URL作為函數簽名中參數的默認值。
1 在模板中: 使用url 模板標簽
2 在python 代碼中，使用django.core.urlresolvers.reverse() 函數
3 在更高層的與處理django模型實例相關的代碼中，使用get_absolute_url() 方法
demo.urls.py 中配置如下
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse
def year(request):
return HttpResponse("year")
def month(request):
return HttpResponse("month")
def ymd(request):
return HttpResponse("year-month-days")
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls")),
url(r'^[0-9]{4}/$', year),
url(r'^[0-9]{2}/$', month),
url(r'^[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2}/$', ymd),
]說明：
1 若要從URL中捕獲一個值，只需要在它周圍放置一對圓括號
2 不需要添加一個前導的反斜杠，因為每個URL都有，
3 每個正則表達式前面的'r' 是可選的，建議加上，它告訴python這個字符串是原始的字符串，字符串中的任何意義都不應該被轉義。
4 默認捕捉到的都是字符串
5 上述的匹配方式因為加上了$，因此其是絕對匹配
當django找不到一個匹配請求的URL的正則表達式時，或者當拋出一個異常時，django會將調用有個錯誤處理視圖
默認的錯誤處理視圖
-handler404
-handler500
-handler403
-handler400
demo/urls.py 中如下
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse
def year(request):
return HttpResponse("year")
def month(request):
return HttpResponse("month")
def ymd(request):
return HttpResponse("year-month-days")
extra_patters = [
url(r'^[0-9]{4}/$', year),
url(r'^[0-9]{2}/$', month),
url(r'^[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2}/$', ymd),
]
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls"), name="app"),
url(r'test/', include(extra_patters)), # 引入上述配置的匹配規則
]
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse
def year(request):
return HttpResponse("year")
def month(request):
return HttpResponse("month")
def ymd(request):
return HttpResponse("year-month-days")
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls"), name="app"),
url(r'test/', include([
url(r'^[0-9]{4}/$', year),
url(r'^[0-9]{2}/$', month),
url(r'^[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2}/$', ymd),
])), # 引入上述配置的匹配規則
]from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse
def year(request):
return HttpResponse("year")
def month(request):
return HttpResponse("month")
def ymd(request):
return HttpResponse("year-month-days")
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^app/', include("app.urls"), name="app"),
url(r'test/', include([
url(r'^[0-9]{4}/$', year),
url(r'^[0-9]{2}/$', month),
url(r'^[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2}/$', ymd),
])), # 引入上述配置的匹配規則
]
def log(request):
return HttpResponse("log")
urlpatterns += [
url(r'log/', log)
]
結果如下
demo/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/app/', include("app.urls"), name="app"), # 此處配置直接捕獲question_id 進行處理
]
app/urls.py 中配置如下
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/$', views.index, name="index"),
url(r'^$', views.detal, name="detal"),
url(r'^result$', views.result, name="result"),
url(r'^vote$', views.vote, name="vote"),
]去除了之前的(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)
app/view.py
修改 index接受參數,需要添加接受此參數，否則其無法訪問
def index(request, question_id):
lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
return render(request, template_name="app/index.html", context=context)
傳遞額外參數
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/app/', include("app.urls"), {"question_id": 1}), # 此處配置直接捕獲question_id 進行處理
]說明: 此處配置的必須是正則表達式中匹配的值，此處會覆蓋正則表達式中匹配的值，此處的question_id，為1
需要在項目project.setting.py 中配置相關參數
本項目是在 demo/setting.py 中配置
# 郵件發送相關配置
EMAIL_HOST = "smtp.163.com" # 服務地址
EMAIL_PORT = 25 # 發送使用的端口
EMAIL_HOST_USER = "" # 發送郵件使用的賬號
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = "" # 發送授權密碼
# EMAIL_USE_TLS=True # 是否啟用TLS
# EMAIL_USE_SSL=True # 是否啟用SSL def send_mail(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list,
fail_silently=False, auth_user=None, auth_password=None,
connection=None, html_message=None):
pass 其中：
subject 表示郵件的標題
message 表示郵件內容
from_email 表示發件人
recipient_list 表示收件人列表
from django.core.mail import send_mail
def sendemail(request):
if request.method == "POST":
subject = request.POST.get('subject', '')
message = request.POST.get('message', '')
recipient_list = request.POST.get('recipient_list', '')
print(recipient_list)
if subject and message and recipient_list:
try:
send_mail(subject, message=message, from_email='18829272841@163.com',
recipient_list=['zhangbing@zhishoubao.com'])
except Exception as e:
return HttpResponse("Invalid header found.")
return HttpResponseRedirect('/app/index')
else:
return HttpResponse("Make sure all fields are entered and valid.")
return render(request, 'app/sendemail.html')from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/$', views.index, name="index"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)$', views.detal, name="detal"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/result$', views.result, name="result"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote$', views.result, name="vote"),
url(r'^sendemail/$', views.sendemail, name="sendemail"),<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>郵件發送</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
<label> 主題 </label>
<input type="text" name="subject">
<br/>
<label> 內容 </label>
<input type="text" name="message">
<br/>
<label> 發件人列表</label>
<input type="email" name="recipient_list">
<br/>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
import csv
import datetime
def get_csv(request):
if request.method == "POST":
response = HttpResponse(content_type="text/csv")
response['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment;filename={}.csv'.format(
datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
writer = csv.writer(response)
writer.writerow(["第一行", 1, 2, 3, 4])
writer.writerow(["第二行", 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
return response
return render(request, 'app/get_csv.html')from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/$', views.index, name="index"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)$', views.detal, name="detal"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/result$', views.result, name="result"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote$', views.result, name="vote"),
url(r'^sendemail/$', views.sendemail, name="sendemail"),
url(r'^get_csv/$', views.get_csv, name="getcsv"),
]<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>觸發獲取get_csv</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
<input type="submit" value="獲取csv">
</form>
</body>
</html>
def upload_file(request):
if request.method == "POST":
print(request.FILES)
upload_file = request.FILES.get('file', None)
if upload_file is None:
return HttpResponse("Not file get")
else:
with open('/tmp/{}'.format(upload_file.name), 'wb') as f:
f.write(upload_file.read())
return HttpResponse("{} 文件上傳成功,大小為:{}".format(upload_file.name, upload_file.size))
else:
return render(request, 'app/upload_file.html')from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/$', views.index, name="index"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)$', views.detal, name="detal"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/result$', views.result, name="result"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote$', views.result, name="vote"),
url(r'^sendemail/$', views.sendemail, name="sendemail"),
url(r'^get_csv/$', views.get_csv, name="getcsv"),
url(r'^upload_file/$', views.upload_file, name="upload_file"),
]<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>上傳文件</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post" ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data">
<input type="file" name="file">
<br/>
<input type="submit" value="上傳文件">
</form>
</body>
</html>
-request.FILES
- enctype 默認是 "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"，上傳文件時需要修改為"multipart/form-data"
def download_file(request):
if request.method == "POST":
f = open('/tmp/2020-01-03.csv', 'rb')
response = HttpResponse(f, content_type="application/csv")
response['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment;filename={}.csv'.format(
datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
f.close()
return response
else:
return render(request, 'app/download_file.html')from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views
app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/$', views.index, name="index"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)$', views.detal, name="detal"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/result$', views.result, name="result"),
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote$', views.result, name="vote"),
url(r'^sendemail/$', views.sendemail, name="sendemail"),
url(r'^get_csv/$', views.get_csv, name="getcsv"),
url(r'^upload_file/$', views.upload_file, name="upload_file"),
url(r'^download_file/$', views.download_file, name="download_file"),
]<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>下載數據</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
<input type="submit" value="下載文件">
</form>
</body>
</html>
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