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計算機語言分類有很多，如C、C++、C#、Java、Php、Python等等，她們有各自的特性及擅長的領域，但她們各自又不是全能的。在一個稍微大型一點的項目都會用到多種語言共同完成，那么這些編程語言如何進行通信呢。什么意思呢，就是比如說我Java寫的一個方法，其他編程語言要怎么去調用呢？這就是本文要探討的問題了。
一般來說，方法層面的編程語言通信用的是網絡接口形式，只暴露出形參和結果供別人調用。接口一般分為接口定義者和接口調用者，定義者可以規定接收參數的類型及返回形式，而接口定義者則只能完全按照接口定義者規定的參數進行訪問。就叫是我們所說的webService(網絡服務)。
以前的做法是利用XML作接口格式定義，然后通過Http做通訊和請求，如大名鼎鼎的SOAP，其實現在也是的，只不過現在流行RestFul風格的Rest接口形式，但用的還是XML+HTTP，那這兩者有啥區別呢？最大的區別就是SOAP返回的主要是XML格式，有時還需要附帶一些輔助文件，而Rest則還可以返回JSON類型的字符串，減少了很多繁亂的XML標簽。本文就以Java為例，用她寫一個接口，并讓其他人去調用，以此來簡單展示接口調用是怎么樣一個過程。
步驟：
1、本機裝有Java JDK運行環境及編程IDE（如Myeclipse)
2、建立一個maven項目，用以下載jar包，項目結構如下：
3 pom.xml文件內容如下：
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>ws</groupId>
<artifactId>restful</artifactId>
<packaging>war</packaging>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>restful-server</name>
<url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<jersey.version>2.6</jersey.version>
<jersey-spring.version>2.23.1</jersey-spring.version>
<spring.version>4.2.7.RELEASE</spring.version>
<servlet-api-version>3.1.0</servlet-api-version>
<logback.version>1.1.1</logback.version>
<jcloverslf4j.version>1.7.6</jcloverslf4j.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.ext</groupId>
<artifactId>jersey-spring3</artifactId>
<version>${jersey-spring.version}</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
</exclusion>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
</exclusion>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.containers</groupId>
<artifactId>jersey-container-servlet</artifactId>
<version>${jersey-spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.containers</groupId>
<artifactId>jersey-container-servlet-core</artifactId>
<version>${jersey-spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
<artifactId>jersey-media-json-jackson</artifactId>
<version>${jersey.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
<artifactId>jersey-media-multipart</artifactId>
<version>${jersey.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.ext</groupId>
<artifactId>jersey-entity-filtering</artifactId>
<version>${jersey.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Spring4.2 dependencies -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>${servlet-api-version}</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- Logback dependencies -->
<dependency>
<groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
<artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
<version>${logback.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>jcl-over-slf4j</artifactId>
<version>${jcloverslf4j.version}</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<finalName>restful</finalName>
</build>
</project>
4 applicationContext.xml內容如下：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.1.xsd">
<context:component-scan base-package="com.kendy.*"></context:component-scan>
</beans>
5 web.xml則主要配置采用的容器、日志管理及攔截器，攔截器可以實現到達請求鄭濤之前進行身份認證，踢除沒有訪問資格的請求，而rest項目一般是用Jersey容器。配置如下：（kendy只是我的英文名，你們可以自己定義路徑）
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:javaee="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:web="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd">
<display-name></display-name>
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>
org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
</listener-class>
</listener>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>jersey-serlvet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>
org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.ServletContainer
</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>javax.ws.rs.Application</param-name>
<param-value>com.kendy.filter.RestJaxRsApplication</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>jersey-serlvet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
6 攔截器如下：
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import javax.ws.rs.WebApplicationException;
import javax.ws.rs.container.ContainerRequestContext;
import javax.ws.rs.container.ContainerRequestFilter;
import javax.ws.rs.core.MultivaluedMap;
import javax.ws.rs.core.Response.Status;
import javax.ws.rs.ext.Provider;
/**
* 攔截請求
*/
@Provider
public class MyFilter implements ContainerRequestFilter {
@Override
public void filter(ContainerRequestContext context) throws IOException {
//打印出所有請求頭
MultivaluedMap<String, String> map = context.getHeaders();
for(Entry<String, List<String>> entry : map.entrySet()){
String key = entry.getKey();
List<String> valueList = entry.getValue();
String values = valueList.toString();
System.out.println(key + ":"+values.substring(1,values.length()-1));
}
7 注冊Jersey容器所要管理的類
import org.codehaus.jackson.jaxrs.JacksonJsonProvider;
import org.glassfish.jersey.server.ResourceConfig;
import com.kendy.restful.AccountManager;
import com.kendy.restful.AuthorityManager;
import com.kendy.restful.CardManager;
import com.kendy.restful.DeviceManager;
import com.kendy.restful.UserResource;
/**
* ${DESCRIPTION}
*/
public class RestJaxRsApplication extends ResourceConfig {
/**
* Register JAX-RS application components.
*/
public RestJaxRsApplication() {
//服務類所在的包路徑
packages("com.kendy.*");
// register application resources
this.register(YouClass.class);
// register filters
this.register(MyFilter.class);
//this.register(RequestContextFilter.class);
register(JacksonJsonProvider.class);
//register(MultiPartFeature.class);
}
}
8 接口定義（Restful風格）
package com.kendy.restful;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.ws.rs.Consumes;
import javax.ws.rs.POST;
import javax.ws.rs.Path;
import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@Path("/CardManager")
public class CardManager {
private SimpleDateFormat sdf =new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
@POST
@Path("size")
@Consumes(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
@Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public Map<String,Object> size(){
Map<String,Object> map = new HashMap<>();
//do something here
map.put("Size", 1024);
return map;
}
@POST
@Path("getDetail")
@Consumes(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
@Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public Map<String,List<Map<String,Object>>> getDetail(){
Map<String,List<Map<String,Object>>> map = new HashMap<>();
//do something here
List<Map<String,Object>> list = new ArrayList<>();
Map<String,Object> subMap = new HashMap<>();
subMap.put("UUID", 10086);
subMap.put("CardID", 10081);
subMap.put("StartTime", sdf.format(new Date()));
subMap.put("EndTime", sdf.format(new Date()));
list.add(subMap);
map.put("Card", list);
return map;
}
}
9 調用接口，有多種方式，本文用HttpClient
/**
* 發送 post請求webService接口
* @param url 訪問的接口地址
* @param account 用戶名
* @param code 密碼
* @param param 查詢參數
* @return HttpResponse 該類包含請求方法的態碼及返回的數據
*/
public static HttpResponse post(String url,String account,String code,Map<String,Object> param) {
//創建HttpClient實例及Post方法
HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url);
//對用戶密碼MD5加密
code = getMD5(code);
//添加相關請求頭，依情況而定
httppost.setHeader("Authorization","WSSE profile=\"UsernameToken\"");
httppost.setHeader("X-WSSE","UsernameToken Username=\""+account+"\",PasswordDigest=\""+code+"\"");
httppost.addHeader("Content-type","application/json; charset=utf-8");
httppost.setHeader("Accept", "application/json");
httppost.setHeader("Connection","keep-alive");
httppost.setHeader("Accept-Encoding","gzip");
httppost.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,en,*");
httppost.setHeader("User-Agent","Mozilla/5.0");
//傳遞請求參數
String paramJsonStr = JSON.toJSONString(param);
if(param != null)
httppost.setEntity(new StringEntity(paramJsonStr, Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
HttpResponse response = null;
try {
//執行post請求
response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return response;
}
10 返回接口
11 最后通過Map、List和Json工具對返回來的字面量進行各種處理。
/**
* 將從接口返回的JSON數據轉換為實體集合等待插入數據表
* 實體 IgmAccessControlChannelModel --> IGM_ACCESSCONTROL_CHANNEL
* IgmStationDoorModel --> IGM_STATION_DOOR
*/
@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
private Map<String,Object> getDeviceEntityList(String data){
Map<String,Object> totalMap = new HashMap<>();
//把以下三個結果放到totalMap里返回
List<IgmAccessControlChannelModel> accessControlList = new ArrayList<>();
List<IgmStationDoorModel> doorList = new ArrayList<>();
List<String> deviceIds = new ArrayList<>();
IgmAccessControlChannelModel accessControlModel = null;
IgmStationDoorModel stationDoorModel = null;
Map map = JSON.parseObject(data, Map.class);
map = (Map<String,List<Map<String,Object>>>)map;
List<Map<String,Object>> deviceList = (List<Map<String, Object>>) map.get("Device");
for(Map<String,Object> deviceMap : deviceList){
String deviceId = (String)(deviceMap.get("DeviceID")+"");
Object channels = deviceMap.get("Channels");
List<Map<String,Object>> channelList = (List<Map<String,Object>>)channels;
String id = ""; //用于設置igmaccessControlchannel表和igmstationDoor表的stationDoorid
//判斷該門禁設備ID在本平臺是否匹配
boolean isMatched = isDeviceIdMatched(deviceId);
if(isMatched){
for(Map<String,Object> chnnelMap : channelList){
accessControlModel = new IgmAccessControlChannelModel();
stationDoorModel = new IgmStationDoorModel();
for(Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : chnnelMap.entrySet()){
String key = entry.getKey().trim();
String value = "";
if(key.equals("Channel")){
value =(Integer)entry.getValue()+"";
}else{
value = (String)entry.getValue();
}
switch(key){
case "Channel":
accessControlModel.setCommandCode(Integer.parseInt(value));
accessControlModel.setControlChannelName("控制通道"+value);
stationDoorModel.setDoorCode(value);
break;
case "Description":
stationDoorModel.setStationDoorName(value);
break;
default: break;
}
}
id = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
accessControlModel.setAccessControlChannelId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
accessControlModel.setDeviceId(deviceId);
accessControlModel.setStationDoorId(id);
stationDoorModel.setStationDoorId(id);
stationDoorModel.setDeviceId(deviceId);
stationDoorModel.setRemark("指紋門禁");
accessControlList.add(accessControlModel);
doorList.add(stationDoorModel);
}
deviceIds.add(deviceId);
}else{
//deviceId不匹配的跳過
}
}
以上就是本文的全部內容，希望對大家的學習有所幫助，也希望大家多多支持億速云。
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