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這篇文章將為大家詳細講解有關pytest如何編寫斷言,小編覺得挺實用的,因此分享給大家做個參考,希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后可以有所收獲。
編寫斷言
使用assert編寫斷言
pytest允許你使用python標準的assert表達式寫斷言;
例如,你可以這樣做:
# test_sample.py def func(x): return x + 1 def test_sample(): assert func(3) == 5
如果這個斷言失敗,你會看到func(3)實際的返回值:
/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2) λ pytest test_sample.py ================================================= test session starts ================================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0 rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini collected 1 item test_sample.py F [100%] ====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= _____________________________________________________ test_sample _____________________________________________________ def test_sample(): > assert func(3) == 5 E assert 4 == 5 E + where 4 = func(3) test_sample.py:28: AssertionError ================================================== 1 failed in 0.05s ==================================================
pytest支持顯示常見的python子表達式的值,包括:調用、屬性、比較、二進制和一元運算符等(參考pytest支持的python失敗時報告的演示);
這允許你在沒有模版代碼參考的情況下,可以使用的python的數據結構,而無須擔心丟失自省的問題;
同時,你也可以為斷言指定了一條說明信息,用于失敗時的情況說明:
assert a % 2 == 0, "value was odd, should be even"
編寫觸發期望異常的斷言
你可以使用pytest.raises()作為上下文管理器,來編寫一個觸發期望異常的斷言:
import pytest def myfunc(): raise ValueError("Exception 123 raised") def test_match(): with pytest.raises(ValueError): myfunc()
當用例沒有返回ValueError或者沒有異常返回時,斷言判斷失敗;
如果你希望同時訪問異常的屬性,可以這樣:
import pytest def myfunc(): raise ValueError("Exception 123 raised") def test_match(): with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo: myfunc() assert '123' in str(excinfo.value)
其中,excinfo是ExceptionInfo的一個實例,它封裝了異常的信息;常用的屬性包括:.type、.value和.traceback;
注意:在上下文管理器的作用域中,raises代碼必須是最后一行,否則,其后面的代碼將不會執行;所以,如果上述例子改成:
def test_match(): with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo: myfunc() assert '456' in str(excinfo.value)
則測試將永遠成功,因為assert '456' in str(excinfo.value)并不會執行;
你也可以給pytest.raises()傳遞一個關鍵字參數match,來測試異常的字符串表示str(excinfo.value)是否符合給定的正則表達式(和unittest中的TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp方法類似):
import pytest def myfunc(): raise ValueError("Exception 123 raised") def test_match(): with pytest.raises((ValueError, RuntimeError), match=r'.* 123 .*'): myfunc()
pytest實際調用的是re.search()方法來做上述檢查;并且,pytest.raises()也支持檢查多個期望異常(以元組的形式傳遞參數),我們只需要觸發其中任意一個;
pytest.raises還有另外的一種使用形式:
首先,我們來看一下它在源碼中的定義:
# _pytest/python_api.py def raises( # noqa: F811 expected_exception: Union["Type[_E]", Tuple["Type[_E]", ...]], *args: Any, match: Optional[Union[str, "Pattern"]] = None, **kwargs: Any ) -> Union["RaisesContext[_E]", Optional[_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[_E]]]:
它接收一個位置參數expected_exception,一組可變參數args,一個關鍵字參數match和一組關鍵字參數kwargs;
接著往下看:
# _pytest/python_api.py if not args: if kwargs: msg = "Unexpected keyword arguments passed to pytest.raises: " msg += ", ".join(sorted(kwargs)) msg += "\nUse context-manager form instead?" raise TypeError(msg) return RaisesContext(expected_exception, message, match) else: func = args[0] if not callable(func): raise TypeError( "{!r} object (type: {}) must be callable".format(func, type(func)) ) try: func(*args[1:], **kwargs) except expected_exception as e: # We just caught the exception - there is a traceback. assert e.__traceback__ is not None return _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo.from_exc_info( (type(e), e, e.__traceback__) ) fail(message)
其中,args如果存在,那么它的第一個參數必須是一個可調用的對象,否則會報TypeError異常;同時,它會把剩余的args參數和所有kwargs參數傳遞給這個可調用對象,然后檢查這個對象執行之后是否觸發指定異常;
所以我們有了一種新的寫法:
pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda x: 1/x, 0) # 或者 pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda x: 1/x, x=0)
這個時候如果你再傳遞match參數,是不生效的,因為它只有在if not args:的時候生效;
另外,pytest.mark.xfail()也可以接收一個raises參數,來判斷用例是否因為一個具體的異常而導致失敗:
@pytest.mark.xfail(raises=IndexError) def test_f(): f()
如果f()觸發一個IndexError異常,則用例標記為xfailed;如果沒有,則正常執行f();
注意:如果f()測試成功,用例的結果是xpassed,而不是passed;
pytest.raises適用于檢查由代碼故意引發的異常;而@pytest.mark.xfail()更適合用于記錄一些未修復的Bug;
特殊數據結構比較時的優化
# test_special_compare.py def test_set_comparison(): set1 = set('1308') set2 = set('8035') assert set1 == set2 def test_long_str_comparison(): str1 = 'show me codes' str2 = 'show me money' assert str1 == str2 def test_dict_comparison(): dict1 = { 'x': 1, 'y': 2, } dict2 = { 'x': 1, 'y': 1, } assert dict1 == dict2
上面,我們檢查了三種數據結構的比較:集合、字符串和字典;
/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2) λ pytest test_special_compare.py ================================================= test session starts ================================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0 rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini collected 3 items test_special_compare.py FFF [100%] ====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= _________________________________________________ test_set_comparison _________________________________________________ def test_set_comparison(): set1 = set('1308') set2 = set('8035') > assert set1 == set2 E AssertionError: assert {'0', '1', '3', '8'} == {'0', '3', '5', '8'} E Extra items in the left set: E '1' E Extra items in the right set: E '5' E Use -v to get the full diff test_special_compare.py:26: AssertionError ______________________________________________ test_long_str_comparison _______________________________________________ def test_long_str_comparison(): str1 = 'show me codes' str2 = 'show me money' > assert str1 == str2 E AssertionError: assert 'show me codes' == 'show me money' E - show me codes E ? ^ ^ ^ E + show me money E ? ^ ^ ^ test_special_compare.py:32: AssertionError ________________________________________________ test_dict_comparison _________________________________________________ def test_dict_comparison(): dict1 = { 'x': 1, 'y': 2, } dict2 = { 'x': 1, 'y': 1, } > assert dict1 == dict2 E AssertionError: assert {'x': 1, 'y': 2} == {'x': 1, 'y': 1} E Omitting 1 identical items, use -vv to show E Differing items: E {'y': 2} != {'y': 1} E Use -v to get the full diff test_special_compare.py:44: AssertionError ================================================== 3 failed in 0.09s ==================================================
針對一些特殊的數據結構間的比較,pytest對結果的顯示做了一些優化:
集合、列表等:標記出第一個不同的元素;
字符串:標記出不同的部分;
字典:標記出不同的條目;
更多例子參考pytest支持的python失敗時報告的演示
為失敗斷言添加自定義的說明
# test_foo_compare.py class Foo: def __init__(self, val): self.val = val def __eq__(self, other): return self.val == other.val def test_foo_compare(): f1 = Foo(1) f2 = Foo(2) assert f1 == f2
我們定義了一個Foo對象,也復寫了它的__eq__()方法,但當我們執行這個用例時:
/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2) λ pytest test_foo_compare.py ================================================= test session starts ================================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0 rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini collected 1 item test_foo_compare.py F [100%] ====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= __________________________________________________ test_foo_compare ___________________________________________________ def test_foo_compare(): f1 = Foo(1) f2 = Foo(2) > assert f1 == f2 E assert <src.test_foo_compare.Foo object at 0x0000020E90C4E978> == <src.test_foo_compare.Foo object at 0x0000020E90C4E630> test_foo_compare.py:37: AssertionError ================================================== 1 failed in 0.04s ==================================================
并不能直觀的看出來失敗的原因;
在這種情況下,我們有兩種方法來解決:
復寫Foo的__repr__()方法:
def __repr__(self): return str(self.val)
我們再執行用例:
luyao@NJ-LUYAO-T460 /d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2) λ pytest test_foo_compare.py ================================================= test session starts ================================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0 rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini collected 1 item test_foo_compare.py F [100%] ====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= __________________________________________________ test_foo_compare ___________________________________________________ def test_foo_compare(): f1 = Foo(1) f2 = Foo(2) > assert f1 == f2 E assert 1 == 2 test_foo_compare.py:37: AssertionError ================================================== 1 failed in 0.06s ==================================================
這時,我們能看到失敗的原因是因為1 == 2不成立;
至于__str__()和__repr__()的區別,可以參考StackFlow上的這個問題中的回答:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1436703/difference-between-str-and-repr
使用pytest_assertrepr_compare這個鉤子方法添加自定義的失敗說明
# conftest.py from .test_foo_compare import Foo def pytest_assertrepr_compare(op, left, right): if isinstance(left, Foo) and isinstance(right, Foo) and op == "==": return [ "比較兩個Foo實例:", # 頂頭寫概要 " 值: {} != {}".format(left.val, right.val), # 除了第一個行,其余都可以縮進 ]
再次執行:
/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2) λ pytest test_foo_compare.py ================================================= test session starts ================================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0 rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini collected 1 item test_foo_compare.py F [100%] ====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= __________________________________________________ test_foo_compare ___________________________________________________ def test_foo_compare(): f1 = Foo(1) f2 = Foo(2) > assert f1 == f2 E assert 比較兩個Foo實例: E 值: 1 != 2 test_foo_compare.py:37: AssertionError ================================================== 1 failed in 0.05s ==================================================
我們會看到一個更友好的失敗說明;
關于斷言自省的細節
當斷言失敗時,pytest為我們提供了非常人性化的失敗說明,中間往往夾雜著相應變量的自省信息,這個我們稱為斷言的自省;
那么,pytest是如何做到這樣的:
pytest發現測試模塊,并引入他們,與此同時,pytest會復寫斷言語句,添加自省信息;但是,不是測試模塊的斷言語句并不會被復寫;
復寫緩存文件
pytest會把被復寫的模塊存儲到本地作為緩存使用,你可以通過在測試用例的根文件夾中的conftest.py里添加如下配置:
import sys sys.dont_write_bytecode = True
來禁止這種行為;
但是,它并不會妨礙你享受斷言自省的好處,只是不會在本地存儲.pyc文件了。
去使能斷言自省
你可以通過一下兩種方法:
在需要去使能模塊的docstring中添加PYTEST_DONT_REWRITE字符串;
執行pytest時,添加--assert=plain選項;
我們來看一下去使能后的效果:
/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2) λ pytest test_foo_compare.py --assert=plain ================================================= test session starts ================================================= platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0 rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini collected 1 item test_foo_compare.py F [100%] ====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= __________________________________________________ test_foo_compare ___________________________________________________ def test_foo_compare(): f1 = Foo(1) f2 = Foo(2) > assert f1 == f2 E AssertionError test_foo_compare.py:37: AssertionError ================================================== 1 failed in 0.05s ==================================================
斷言失敗時的信息就非常的不完整了,我們幾乎看不出任何有用的Debug信息;
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