import datetime

class PersonValueError(ValueError):
 pass
class PersonTypeError(TypeError):
 pass

class Person:
 _num = 0
 # 類屬性，這個屬性在類內使用（_X)屬性一般默認只能在類內使用
 def __init__(self, name, sex, birthday, ident):
 if not (isinstance(name, str) and sex in ("女", "男")):
  raise PersonValueError(name, sex)
  # 用于檢查輸入時的實參是否符合要求
 try:
  birthday = datetime.date(*birthday)
  # *birthday表示其參數是一個可迭代的對象（元祖，列表等）
  # 返回一個日期對象（year,month,day)，這個date類的
  # 構造函數會檢查輸入年月日的合法性
 except:
  raise PersonValueError("wrong date:", birthday)
 self._name = name
 self._sex = sex
 self._birthday = birthday
 self._id = ident
 Person._num += 1

 def id(self):return self._id
 def name(self):return self._name
 def sex(self):return self._sex
 def birthday(self):return self._birthday
 def age(self): return (datetime.date.today().year - self._birthday.year)
 # 用于獲取一個單體的某個信息
 # 算出年齡（today方法的year屬性用于給出今年)
 def set_name(self, name): # 修改名字
 if not isinstance(name, str):
  raise PersonValueError("set_name", name)
 self._name = name
 # 用于修改名字
 def __lt__(self, another):
 # 當實例出現在小于號兩邊時會自動調用
 # 類似的有：__gt__: 大于; __le__:小于等于; __ge__: 大于等于；
 # __eq__: 等于； __ne__: 不等于
 if not isinstance(another, Person):
  raise PersonTypeError(another)
 return self._id < self._id
 # 用于之后的排序使用
 
 @classmethod
 def num(cls):
 return Person._num

 def __str__(self):
 return " ".join((str(self._id), self._name, self._sex, str(self._birthday)))
 # 運算重載符：當實例出現在print函數中時，自動調用這個方法

 def details(self):
 return ", ".join(("編號：" + str(self._id),
    "姓名：" + self._name,
    "性別：" + self._sex,
    "出生日期：" + str(self._birthday)))

#
# p1 = Person("謝雨潔", "女", (1995, 7, 30), 1201510111)
# p2 = Person("汪力強", "男", (1990, 2, 17), 1201380324)
# p3 = Person("張子玉", "女", (1974, 10, 14), 3331747032)
# p4 = Person("李國棟", "男", (1962, 5, 24), 1293848593)
#
# plist = [p1, p2, p3, p4]
# for p in plist:
# print(p)
# # 這里就會直接調用實例方法__str__
#
# print("\nAfter sorting:")
# plist.sort()
# # 這里就調用的運算重載符__lt__（很重要的一個知識點，如何通過實例方法實現對類多個實例進行排序）
# for p in plist:
# print(p.details())
#
# print("people created:", Person.num(), "\n")

class Student(Person):
 _id_num = 0
 
 # 下面這個類方法可以說是很經典的使用，對于初學者來說，對于深入理解類有幫助
 @classmethod
 **def _id_gen(cls):
 # 自動生成學號的類內部函數（該函數只在類的內部調用）
 cls._id_num += 1
 year = datetime.date.today().year
 return "1{:04}{:05}".format(year, cls._id_num)
 # 后面的04， 05代表是位數，不足前面補零**

 def __init__(self, name, sex, birthday, department):
 Person.__init__(self, name, sex, birthday, Student._id_gen())
 # 這里通過調用之前基類的初始化函數
 # 這里調用了之前定義的生成學號的類方法
 self._department = department
 self._enroll_date = datetime.date.today()
 self._courses = {} #實例屬性用來記錄該學生的課程以及成績

 def set_course(self, course_name):
 self._courses[course_name] = None
 # 輸入所有的課程

 def set_score(self, course_name, score):
 if course_name not in self._courses:
  raise PersonValueError("No this course selected:",
     course_name)
 self._courses[course_name] = score
 # 當然我們對于學生的檔案里首先時學生要挑選好課程，然后才有分數
 # 首先判斷課程在不在已選的課程表里，然后再是給他輸入分數

 def scores(self):
 return [(cname, self._courses[cname])
  for cname in self._courses]
 # 將課程和分數用元祖的形式輸出

 def details(self):
 return ", ".join((Person.details(self),
    "入學日期：" + str(self._enroll_date),
    "院系：" + self._department,
    "課程記錄：" + str(self.scores())))

# p1 = Student("謝雨潔", "女", (1995, 7, 30), "Physics")
# p2 = Student("汪力強", "男", (1990, 2, 17), "Mathematics")
# p3 = Student("張子玉", "女", (1974, 10, 14), "English")
# p4 = Student("李國棟", "男", (1962, 5, 24), "Comp.Sci")
#
# print(p1.details())
# print(p1) # 繼承的基類Person的方法

class Staff(Person):
 _id_num = 0
 @classmethod
 def _id_gen(cls, birthday):
 cls._id_num += 1
 birth_year = datetime.date(*birthday).year
 return "0{:04}{:05}".format(birth_year, cls._id_num)

 def __init__(self, name, sex, birthday, entry_date=None):
 super().__init__(name, sex, birthday,Staff._id_gen(birthday))
 if entry_date:
  try:
  self._entry_date = datetime.date(*entry_date)
  except:
  raise PersonValueError("Wrong date:", entry_date)
 else:
  self._entry_date = datetime.date.today()
 self._salary = 1720
 self._department = "未定"
 self._position = "未定"

 def set_salary(self, amount):
 if not type(amount) is int:
  raise TypeError
 self._salary = amount

 def set_position(self, position):
 self._position = position
 def set_department(self, department):
 self._department = department

 def details(self):
 return ", ".join((super().details(),
    "入職時間：" + str(self._entry_date),
    "院系：" + self._department,
    "職位：" + self._position,
    "工資：" + str(self._salary)))

p1 = Staff("張子玉", "女", (1974, 10, 16))
p2 = Staff("李國棟", "男", (1962, 5, 24))

print(p1)
print(p2)

p1.set_department("數學")
p1.set_position("副教授")
p1.set_salary(8400)

print(p1.details())
print(p2.details())