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本文介紹了Angular 7單元測試和E2E測試的配置與測試方法。使用Angular CLI新建工程,已配置好基礎測試環境,生成了測試樣例代碼。默認,Angular單元測試使用Jasmine測試框架和Karma測試運行器,E2E測試使用Jasmine和Protractor測試框架。
Jasmine是用于測試JavaScript的行為驅動(Behavior-Driven)框架,不依賴于任何其他JavaScript框架。
Karma是測試運行器,為開發人員提供了高效、真實的測試環境,支持多種瀏覽器,易于調試。
單元測試配置文件test.ts和karma.conf.js:
test.ts
import 'zone.js/dist/zone-testing';
import { getTestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import {
BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
platformBrowserDynamicTesting
} from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing';
declare const require: any;
// First, initialize the Angular testing environment.
getTestBed().initTestEnvironment(
BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
platformBrowserDynamicTesting()
);
// Then we find all the tests.
const context = require.context('./', true, /\.spec\.ts$/);
// And load the modules.
context.keys().map(context);
默認,測試文件擴展名必須為.spec.ts。
karma.conf.js
module.exports = function (config) {
config.set({
basePath: '',
frameworks: ['jasmine', '@angular-devkit/build-angular'],
plug×××: [
require('karma-jasmine'),
require('karma-chrome-launcher'),
require('karma-jasmine-html-reporter'),
require('karma-coverage-istanbul-reporter'),
require('@angular-devkit/build-angular/plug×××/karma')
],
client: {
clearContext: false // leave Jasmine Spec Runner output visible in browser
},
coverageIstanbulReporter: {
dir: require('path').join(__dirname, '../coverage'),
reports: ['html', 'lcovonly'],
fixWebpackSourcePaths: true
},
reporters: ['progress', 'kjhtml'],
port: 9876,
colors: true,
logLevel: config.LOG_INFO,
autoWatch: true,
browsers: ['Chrome'],
singleRun: false
});
};
默認,使用Chrome瀏覽器,可生成單元測試報告和覆蓋率報告,覆蓋率報告保存在根目錄coverage文件夾內,啟用autoWatch。
singleRun默認為false,如設為true則測試結束后會自動退出并根據測試結果返回代碼0或1,常用于CI環境。
Karma支持的瀏覽器:
可同時配置多個瀏覽器進行測試,要啟用其他瀏覽器,需安裝依賴,比如啟用Firefox:
npm i karma-firefox-launcher --save-dev
然后在karma.conf.js內增加配置:
...
require('karma-chrome-launcher'),
require('karma-firefox-launcher'),
...
browsers: ['Chrome', 'Firefox'],
...
用CLI創建App生成了一個單元測試文件app.component.spec.ts。執行CLI命令ng test即可運行單元測試:
ng test
運行后在控制臺輸出測試結果并打開瀏覽器:
瀏覽器會顯示測試結果,總測試數,失敗數。在頂部,每個點或叉對應一個測試用例,點表示成功,叉表示失敗,鼠標移到點或叉上會顯示測試信息。點擊測試結果中的某一行,可重新運行某個或某組(測試套件)測試。
常用參數:
--browsers 指定使用的瀏覽器
--code-coverage 輸出覆蓋率報告
--code-coverage-exclude 排除文件或路徑
--karma-config 指定Karma配置文件
--prod 啟用production環境
--progress 默認為true,將編譯進度輸出到控制臺
--watch 默認為true,代碼修改后會重新運行測試
karma-chrome-launcher、karma-firefox-launcher、karma-ie-launcher等均支持自定義Launcher,customLaunchers與--browsers結合使用可滿足多種環境的測試需求。每種瀏覽器支持的自定義屬性請查看Karma Browsers文檔。
比如,CI環境下常用Headless模式,不需顯示瀏覽器界面,在karma.conf.js中增加如下配置:
browsers: ['Chrome'],
customLaunchers: {
ChromeHeadlessCI: {
base: 'ChromeHeadless',
flags: ['--no-sandbox']
}
},
運行如下命令進行測試:
ng test --watch=false --progress=false --browsers=ChromeHeadlessCI
運行如下命令生成測試覆蓋率報告,報告保存在項目根目錄下的coverage文件夾內:
ng test --watch=false --code-coverage
如想每次測試都生成報告,可修改CLI配置文件angular.json:
"test": {
"options": {
"codeCoverage": true
}
}
設置排除的文件或路徑
ng test --watch=false --code-coverage --code-coverage-exclude=src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts --code-coverage-exclude=src/app/hero-search/*
同樣可以在angular.json中配置:
"test": {
"options": {
"codeCoverage": true,
"codeCoverageExclude": ["src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts", "src/app/hero-search/*"]
}
}
設定測試覆蓋率指標
編輯配置文件karma.conf.js,增加如下內容:
coverageIstanbulReporter: {
reports: [ 'html', 'lcovonly' ],
fixWebpackSourcePaths: true,
thresholds: {
statements: 80,
lines: 80,
branches: 80,
functions: 80
}
}
測試報告中達到標準的背景為綠色:
注意:與CI集成時不要設置覆蓋率指標,否則若未到達指標,Job會終止。
LCOV
coverageIstanbulReporter中reports參數為[ 'html', 'lcovonly' ],會生成html和lcov兩種格式的報告。報告文件lcov.info可與Sonar集成,在Sonar管理界面配置LCOV Files路徑,即可在Sonar中查看測試情況。
另外,與Sonar集成時需配置TypeScript Exclusions,排除.spec.ts,否則統計覆蓋率時將包含測試文件。
使用CLI創建Service、Component等時會自動創建測試文件,我們以創建App時生成的測試文件app.component.spec.ts為例:
import {async, TestBed} from '@angular/core/testing';
import {RouterTestingModule} from '@angular/router/testing';
import {AppComponent} from './app.component';
describe('AppComponent', () => {
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
}).compileComponents();
}));
it('should create the app', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
const app = fixture.debugElement.componentInstance;
expect(app).toBeTruthy();
});
it(`should have as title 'hello'`, () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
const app = fixture.debugElement.componentInstance;
expect(app.title).toEqual('hello');
});
it('should render title in a h2 tag', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
fixture.detectChanges();
const compiled = fixture.debugElement.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('h2').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
});
});
測試結構
從上例我們可以了解測試的主要結構:
describe函數中包含了beforeEach和it兩類函數。describe相當于Java測試中的suite,也就是測試組,其中可以包含多個測試用例it。一般一個測試文件含有一個describe,當然也可以有多個。beforeEach相當于Java測試中的@Before方法,每個測試用例執行前調用一次。同樣,還有afterEach、beforeAll、afterAll函數,afterEach在每個測試用例執行后調用一次,beforeAll、afterAll相當于Java測試中的@BeforeClass、@AfterClass方法,每個describe執行前后調用一次。
describe和it的第一個參數是測試說明。一個it中可以包含一個或多個expect來執行測試驗證。
TestBed
TestBed是Angular測試中最重要的工具。
TestBed.configureTestingModule()方法動態構建TestingModule來模擬Angular @NgModule,支持@NgModule的大多數屬性。
測試中需導入測試的組件及依賴。在AppComponent頁面中使用了router-outlet,因此我們導入了RouterTestingModule來模擬RouterModule。Test Module預配置了一些元素,比如BrowserModule,不需導入。
TestBed.createComponent()方法創建組件實例,返回ComponentFixture。ComponentFixture是一個測試工具(test harness),用于與創建的組件和相應元素進行交互。
nativeElement和DebugElement
示例中使用了fixture.debugElement.nativeElement,也可以寫成fixture.nativeElement。實際上,fixture.nativeElement是fixture.debugElement.nativeElement的一種簡化寫法。nativeElement依賴于運行時環境,Angular依賴DebugElement抽象來支持跨平臺。Angular創建DebugElement tree來包裝native element,nativeElement返回平臺相關的元素對象。
我們的測試樣例僅運行在瀏覽器中,因此nativeElement總為HTMLElement,可以使用querySelector()、querySelectorAll()方法來查詢元素。
element.querySelector('p');
element.querySelector('input');
element.querySelector('.welcome');
element.querySelectorAll('span');
detectChanges
createComponent() 函數不會綁定數據,必須調用fixture.detectChanges()來執行數據綁定,才能在組件元素中取得內容:
it('should render title in a h2 tag', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
fixture.detectChanges();
const compiled = fixture.debugElement.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('h2').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
});
當數據模型值改變后,也需調用fixture.detectChanges()方法:
it('should render title in a h2 tag', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
const app = fixture.componentInstance;
app.title = 'china';
fixture.detectChanges();
const compiled = fixture.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('h2').textContent).toContain('Welcome to china!');
});
可以配置自動檢測,增加ComponentFixtureAutoDetect provider:
import { ComponentFixtureAutoDetect } from '@angular/core/testing';
...
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [
{ provide: ComponentFixtureAutoDetect, useValue: true }
]
});
啟用自動檢測后僅需在數值改變后調用detectChanges():
it('should display original title', () => {
// Hooray! No `fixture.detectChanges()` needed
expect(h2.textContent).toContain(comp.title);
});
it('should still see original title after comp.title change', () => {
const oldTitle = comp.title;
comp.title = 'Test Title';
// Displayed title is old because Angular didn't hear the change :(
expect(h2.textContent).toContain(oldTitle);
});
it('should display updated title after detectChanges', () => {
comp.title = 'Test Title';
fixture.detectChanges(); // detect changes explicitly
expect(h2.textContent).toContain(comp.title);
});
同步和異步beforeEach
組件常用 @Component.templateUrl 和 @Component.styleUrls 屬性來指定外部模板和CSS,Angular編譯器會在編譯期間讀取外部文件。
@Component({
selector: 'app-banner',
templateUrl: './banner-external.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./banner-external.component.css']
})
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [ BannerComponent ],
});
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(BannerComponent);
});
當用CLI的ng test命令運行含有如上同步beforeEach方法的測試時沒有問題,因為會在運行測試之前先編譯。若在非CLI環境下運行這些測試則可能失敗。要解決這個問題,可以調用compileComponents()進行顯示的編譯。compileComponents()方法是異步的,必須在async()方法中調用:
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
}).compileComponents();
}));
調用compileComponents()會關閉當前的TestBed實例,不再允許進行配置,不能再調用任何TestBed中的配置方法,既不能調 configureTestingModule(),也不能調用任何 override... 方法。
常同時使用同步beforeEach和異步beforeEach來協同工作,異步的 beforeEach() 負責編譯組件,同步的beforeEach()負責執行其余的準備代碼。測試運行器會先調用異步beforeEach方法,運行完畢后再調用同步方法。
重構
示例中重復代碼較多,我們用兩個beforeEach來簡化一下:
import {async, ComponentFixture, TestBed} from '@angular/core/testing';
import {RouterTestingModule} from '@angular/router/testing';
import {AppComponent} from './app.component';
describe('AppComponent', () => {
let fixture: ComponentFixture<AppComponent>;
let app: AppComponent;
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
}).compileComponents();
}));
beforeEach(() => {
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
app = fixture.componentInstance;
fixture.detectChanges();
});
it('should create the app', () => {
expect(app).toBeTruthy();
});
it(`should have as title 'hello'`, () => {
expect(app.title).toEqual('hello');
});
it('should render title in a h2 tag', () => {
const compiled = fixture.nativeElement;
expect(compiled.querySelector('h2').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
});
});
也可以把這兩個 beforeEach() 重構成一個異步的beforeEach():
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
})
.compileComponents()
.then(() => {
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
app = fixture.componentInstance;
fixture.detectChanges();
});
}));
對簡單對象進行測試可以用new創建實例:
describe('ValueService', () => {
let service: ValueService;
beforeEach(() => { service = new ValueService(); });
...
});
不過大多數Service、Component等有多個依賴項,使用new很不方便。若用DI來創建測試對象,當依賴其他服務時,DI會找到或創建依賴的服務。要測試某個對象,在configureTestingModule中配置測試對象本身及依賴項,然后調用TestBed.get()注入測試對象:
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({ providers: [ValueService] });
service = TestBed.get(ValueService);
});
單元測試的原則之一:僅對要測試對象本身進行測試,而不對其依賴項進行測試,依賴項通過mock方式注入,而不使用實際的對象,否則測試不可控。
Mock優先使用Spy方式:
let masterService: MasterService;
beforeEach(() => {
const spy = jasmine.createSpyObj('ValueService', ['getValue']);
spy.getValue.and.returnValue('stub value');
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
// Provide both the service-to-test and its (spy) dependency
providers: [
MasterService,
{ provide: ValueService, useValue: spy }
]
});
masterService = TestBed.get(MasterService);
});
同測試含其它依賴的對象一樣,可以mock HttpClient、Router、Location:
beforeEach(() => {
const httpClientSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('HttpClient', ['get']);
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [
{provide: HttpClient, useValue: httpClientSpy}
]
});
});
beforeEach(async(() => {
const routerSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('Router', ['navigateByUrl']);
const locationSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('Location', ['back']);
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [
{provide: Router, useValue: routerSpy},
{provide: Location, useValue: locationSpy}
]
})
.compileComponents();
}));
測試組件類就像測試服務那樣簡單:
組件類
export class WelcomeComponent implements OnInit {
welcome: string;
constructor(private userService: UserService) { }
ngOnInit(): void {
this.welcome = this.userService.isLoggedIn ?
'Welcome, ' + this.userService.user.name : 'Please log in.';
}
}
Mock類
class MockUserService {
isLoggedIn = true;
user = { name: 'Test User'};
};
測試
...
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
// provide the component-under-test and dependent service
providers: [
WelcomeComponent,
{ provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }
]
});
// inject both the component and the dependent service.
comp = TestBed.get(WelcomeComponent);
userService = TestBed.get(UserService);
});
...
it('should ask user to log in if not logged in after ngOnInit', () => {
userService.isLoggedIn = false;
comp.ngOnInit();
expect(comp.welcome).not.toContain(userService.user.name);
expect(comp.welcome).toContain('log in');
});
只涉及類的測試可以判斷組件類的行為是否正常,但不能確定組件是否能正常渲染和交互。
進行組件DOM測試,需要使用TestBed.createComponent()等方法,第一個測試即為組件DOM測試。
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [ BannerComponent ]
});
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(BannerComponent);
const component = fixture.componentInstance;
expect(component).toBeDefined();
dispatchEvent
為模擬用戶輸入,比如為input元素輸入值,要找到input元素并設置它的 value 屬性。Angular不知道你設置了input元素的value屬性,需要調用 dispatchEvent() 觸發輸入框的 input 事件,再調用 detectChanges():
it('should convert hero name to Title Case', () => {
// get the name's input and display elements from the DOM
const hostElement = fixture.nativeElement;
const nameInput: HTMLInputElement = hostElement.querySelector('input');
const nameDisplay: HTMLElement = hostElement.querySelector('span');
nameInput.value = 'quick BROWN fOx';
// dispatch a DOM event so that Angular learns of input value change.
nameInput.dispatchEvent(newEvent('input'));
fixture.detectChanges();
expect(nameDisplay.textContent).toBe('Quick Brown Fox');
});
組件中常常使用其他組件:
<app-banner></app-banner>
<app-welcome></app-welcome>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/dashboard">Dashboard</a>
<a routerLink="/heroes">Heroes</a>
<a routerLink="/about">About</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>
對于無害的內嵌組件可以直接將其添加到declarations中,這是最簡單的方式:
describe('AppComponent & TestModule', () => {
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent,
BannerComponent,
WelcomeComponent
]
})
.compileComponents().then(() => {
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
comp = fixture.componentInstance;
});
}));
...
});
也可為無關緊要的組件創建一些測試樁:
@Component({selector: 'app-banner', template: ''})
class BannerStubComponent {}
@Component({selector: 'router-outlet', template: ''})
class RouterOutletStubComponent { }
@Component({selector: 'app-welcome', template: ''})
class WelcomeStubComponent {}
然后在TestBed的配置中聲明它們:
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent,
BannerStubComponent,
RouterOutletStubComponent,
WelcomeStubComponent
]
})
另一種辦法是使用NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA,要求 Angular編譯器忽略那些不認識的元素和屬性:
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent,
RouterLinkDirectiveStub
],
schemas: [ NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA ]
})
NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA方法比較簡單,但不要過度使用。NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA 會阻止編譯器因疏忽或拼寫錯誤而缺失的組件和屬性,如人工找出這些 bug會很費時。
RouterLinkDirectiveStub
import { Directive, Input, HostListener } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({
selector: '[routerLink]'
})
export class RouterLinkDirectiveStub {
@Input('routerLink') linkParams: any;
navigatedTo: any = null;
@HostListener('click')
onClick() {
this.navigatedTo = this.linkParams;
}
}
import { Directive, ElementRef, Input, OnChanges } from '@angular/core';
@Directive({ selector: '[highlight]' })
/** Set backgroundColor for the attached element to highlight color and set the element's customProperty to true */
export class HighlightDirective implements OnChanges {
defaultColor = 'rgb(211, 211, 211)'; // lightgray
@Input('highlight') bgColor: string;
constructor(private el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.customProperty = true;
}
ngOnChanges() {
this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = this.bgColor || this.defaultColor;
}
}
屬性型指令肯定要操縱 DOM,如只針對類測試不能證明指令的有效性。若通過組件來測試,單一的用例一般無法探索指令的全部能力。因此,更好的方法是創建一個能展示該指令所有用法的人造測試組件:
@Component({
template: `
<h3 highlight="yellow">Something Yellow</h3>
<h3 highlight>The Default (Gray)</h3>
<h3>No Highlight</h3>
<input #box [highlight]="box.value" value="cyan"/>`
})
class TestComponent { }
測試程序:
beforeEach(() => {
fixture = TestBed.configureTestingModule({
declarations: [ HighlightDirective, TestComponent ]
})
.createComponent(TestComponent);
fixture.detectChanges(); // initial binding
// all elements with an attached HighlightDirective
des = fixture.debugElement.queryAll(By.directive(HighlightDirective));
// the h3 without the HighlightDirective
bareH2 = fixture.debugElement.query(By.css('h3:not([highlight])'));
});
// color tests
it('should have three highlighted elements', () => {
expect(des.length).toBe(3);
});
it('should color 1st <h3> background "yellow"', () => {
const bgColor = des[0].nativeElement.style.backgroundColor;
expect(bgColor).toBe('yellow');
});
it('should color 2nd <h3> background w/ default color', () => {
const dir = des[1].injector.get(HighlightDirective) as HighlightDirective;
const bgColor = des[1].nativeElement.style.backgroundColor;
expect(bgColor).toBe(dir.defaultColor);
});
it('should bind <input> background to value color', () => {
// easier to work with nativeElement
const input = des[2].nativeElement as HTMLInputElement;
expect(input.style.backgroundColor).toBe('cyan', 'initial backgroundColor');
// dispatch a DOM event so that Angular responds to the input value change.
input.value = 'green';
input.dispatchEvent(newEvent('input'));
fixture.detectChanges();
expect(input.style.backgroundColor).toBe('green', 'changed backgroundColor');
});
it('bare <h3> should not have a customProperty', () => {
expect(bareH2.properties['customProperty']).toBeUndefined();
});
describe('TitleCasePipe', () => {
// This pipe is a pure, stateless function so no need for BeforeEach
let pipe = new TitleCasePipe();
it('transforms "abc" to "Abc"', () => {
expect(pipe.transform('abc')).toBe('Abc');
});
it('transforms "abc def" to "Abc Def"', () => {
expect(pipe.transform('abc def')).toBe('Abc Def');
});
...
});
RouterTestingModule
在前面的測試中我們使用了測試樁RouterOutletStubComponent,與Router有關的測試還可以使用RouterTestingModule:
beforeEach(async(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule
],
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
}).compileComponents();
}));
RouterTestingModule還可以模擬路由:
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestModule({
imports: [
RouterTestingModule.withRoutes(
[{path: '', component: BlankCmp}, {path: 'simple', component: SimpleCmp}]
)
]
});
});
HttpClientTestingModule
describe('HttpClient testing', () => {
let httpClient: HttpClient;
let httpTestingController: HttpTestingController;
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [ HttpClientTestingModule ]
});
// Inject the http service and test controller for each test
httpClient = TestBed.get(HttpClient);
httpTestingController = TestBed.get(HttpTestingController);
});
afterEach(() => {
// After every test, assert that there are no more pending requests.
httpTestingController.verify();
});
it('can test HttpClient.get', () => {
const testData: Data = {name: 'Test Data'};
// Make an HTTP GET request
httpClient.get<Data>(testUrl)
.subscribe(data =>
// When observable resolves, result should match test data
expect(data).toEqual(testData)
);
// The following `expectOne()` will match the request's URL.
// If no requests or multiple requests matched that URL
// `expectOne()` would throw.
const req = httpTestingController.expectOne('/data');
// Assert that the request is a GET.
expect(req.request.method).toEqual('GET');
// Respond with mock data, causing Observable to resolve.
// Subscribe callback asserts that correct data was returned.
req.flush(testData);
// Finally, assert that there are no outstanding requests.
httpTestingController.verify();
});
...
});
在瀏覽器測試結果頁面,點擊“DEBUG”按鈕會打開新瀏標簽頁并重新運行測試程序。按"F12"打開調試界面,然后進入Sources找到測試文件(CTRL+P),在測試程序中設置斷點即可調試。
E2E測試使用Jasmine和Protractor測試框架,Protractor是Angular端到端測試框架。
npm i -g protractor
安裝后,node_modules\protractor\bin目錄含有兩個命令行工具protractor和webdriver-manager,其中webdriver-manager負責管理驅動、啟停Selenium Server。
webdriver-manager命令:
clean removes all downloaded driver files from the out_dir
start start up the selenium server
shutdown shut down the selenium server
status list the current available drivers
update update selected binaries
version get the current version
更新驅動:
webdriver-manager update
默認安裝chromedriver、geckodriver和selenium standalone,驅動目錄為node_modules\protractor\node_modules\webdriver-manager\selenium,下載使用的url配置在webdriver-manager\config.json文件內:
"cdnUrls": {
"selenium": "https://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/",
"chromedriver": "https://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/",
"geckodriver": "https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/download/",
"iedriver": "https://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/",
"androidsdk": "http://dl.google.com/android/"
}
可以修改為其它CDN:
"cdnUrls": {
"selenium": "https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/selenium/",
"chromedriver": "https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/chromedriver/",
"geckodriver": "https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/geckodriver/",
"iedriver": "https://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/",
"androidsdk": "http://dl.google.com/android/"
}
也可以使用參數--alternate_cdn:
webdriver-manager update --alternate_cdn=...
使用CLI創建的App會生成一個e2e項目,其中包含測試配置protractor.conf.js及測試代碼。
protractor.conf.js
const { SpecReporter } = require('jasmine-spec-reporter');
exports.config = {
allScriptsTimeout: 11000,
specs: [
'./src/**/*.e2e-spec.ts'
],
capabilities: {
'browserName': 'chrome'
},
directConnect: true,
baseUrl: 'http://localhost:4200/',
framework: 'jasmine',
jasmineNodeOpts: {
showColors: true,
defaultTimeoutInterval: 30000,
print: function() {}
},
onPrepare() {
require('ts-node').register({
project: require('path').join(__dirname, './tsconfig.e2e.json')
});
jasmine.getEnv().addReporter(new SpecReporter({ spec: { displayStacktrace: true } }));
}
};
默認,Protractor使用Jasmine測試框架,使用直連方式連接Chrome瀏覽器,測試文件擴展名為.e2e-spec.ts。
Protractor支持Chrome、Firefox、Safari、IE等瀏覽器。
多瀏覽器
Protractor支持同時啟動多個瀏覽器,一個瀏覽器時,在配置中使用capabilities選項;多個瀏覽器時,使用multiCapabilities:
multiCapabilities: [{
browserName: 'firefox'
}, {
browserName: 'chrome'
}]
另外需在package.json中增加配置:
"scripts": {
"webdriver-update": "webdriver-manager update"
}
在運行測試前更新瀏覽器驅動:
npm run webdriver-update
否則項目中的驅動不會更新(默認只有chrome驅動,運行webdriver-manager update僅更新全局的驅動),運行測試會報如下錯誤:
No update-config.json found. Run 'webdriver-manager update' to download binaries
瀏覽器選項
capabilities: {
'browserName': 'chrome',
'chromeOptions': {
'args': ['show-fps-counter=true']
}
},
capabilities: {
'browserName': 'firefox',
'moz:firefoxOptions': {
'args': ['--safe-mode']
}
},
更多選項請查看相應驅動ChromeDriver、GeckoDriver。
使用Standalone Selenium Server時,需安裝JDK。
更新driver后啟動Selenium Server:
webdriver-manager update
webdriver-manager start
刪除原配置中的directConnect、baseUrl:
directConnect: true,
baseUrl: 'http://localhost:4200/',
增加seleniumAddress(默認為http://localhost:4444/wd/hub):
seleniumAddress: 'http://localhost:4444/wd/hub',
運行E2E測試:
ng e2e
常用參數:
--base-url Base URL for protractor to connect to.
--configuration (-c) A named configuration environment, as specified in the "configurations" section of angular.json.
--host Host to listen on.
--port The port to use to serve the application.
--prod When true, sets the build configuration to the production environment.
--protractor-config The name of the Protractor configuration file.
--webdriver-update Try to update webdriver.
driver安裝好后,若未更新瀏覽器,不必每次都更新driver:
ng e2e --webdriver-update=false
如運行測試時報如下錯誤:
events.js:167
throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
^
Error: read ECONNRESET
at TLSWrap.onStreamRead (internal/stream_base_commons.js:111:27)
Emitted 'error' event
可嘗試更新package后再測試:
npm i npm@latest -g
npm update
不同的環境若配置不同,可使用不同的配置文件。
比如,在CI環境中啟用Chrome Headless模式:
在e2e根目錄下創建一名為protractor-ci.conf.js的新文件,內容如下:
const config = require('./protractor.conf').config;
config.capabilities = {
browserName: 'chrome',
chromeOptions: {
args: ['--headless', '--no-sandbox']
}
};
exports.config = config;
注意: windows系統要增加參數--disable-gpu
運行以下命令測試:
ng e2e --protractor-config=e2e\protractor-ci.conf.js --webdriver-update=false
import { AppPage } from './app.po';
describe('workspace-project App', () => {
let page: AppPage;
beforeEach(() => {
page = new AppPage();
});
it('should display welcome message', () => {
page.navigateTo();
expect(page.getTitleText()).toEqual('Welcome to hello!');
});
});
import { browser, by, element } from 'protractor';
export class AppPage {
navigateTo() {
return browser.get('/');
}
getTitleText() {
return element(by.css('app-root h2')).getText();
}
}
E2E測試與單元測試都使用了Jasmine,測試結構相同。Protractor提供了全局的browser、element、by,分別用來打開頁面和查找元素。
describe('Protractor Demo App', function() {
it('should add one and two', function() {
browser.get('http://juliemr.github.io/protractor-demo/');
element(by.model('first')).sendKeys(1);
element(by.model('second')).sendKeys(2);
element(by.id('gobutton')).click();
expect(element(by.binding('latest')).getText()).
toEqual('5'); // This is wrong!
});
});
2018上海馬拉松
Angular Testing
Jasmine Behavior-Driven JavaScript
Karma
Protractor - end-to-end testing for Angular
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